[Lex Computer & Tech Group/LCTG] science
Ted Kochanski
tedpkphd at gmail.com
Mon Jul 25 22:00:37 PDT 2022
Tony, et al
The "Hockey stick" is completely discredited -- that's what the "Michael
Mann" incident was all about -- forcing two unrelated sets of data to
coexist where they actually had nothing in common
One was a dendrochronological proxy and the other was the recent [past
about 100 years] instrumental record [however flawed and processed]
The problem with looking at such a plot is that the Little Ice Age was real
-- we are all the beneficiaries
Col. Knox brought the big cannon from Ft. Ticonderoga to General Washington
at Dorchester Heights using sledges on snow and most importantly crossing
the heavily iced Hudson River at Albany
Other more picturesque mental images from the LIA are:
the Frost Fairs held in the middle of the frozen Thames between the North
and South banks at London
the very popular images of people skating on the canals in the Netherlands
Changes in fees for use of land in the Scottish Highlands [it got too cold
for anything but grazing sheep]
The Hockey stick also omits the Medieval Optimum when the Vikings colonized
the coasts of Greenland as well as temporarily settling in Canada and
possibly parts of the US
Yet by 1350 the Pope wrote to the Bishop of Greenland asking for a report
as nothing had been heard from in a few decades -- well they were either
dead from starvation or some had left and returned to Iceland
so to be closer to what is probably the best guess -- take the upper
extrema of the light blue shading around 1000 -- that's the MO and the
lower extrema of the light blue shading from 1350 to 1800 or so -- that's
the time frame of the LIA [although probably under estimate of its coldness]
Doesn't look much like any hockey stick which I've ever played with after
that exercise.
Ted
On Mon, Jul 25, 2022 at 8:00 PM Tony <galaitsis at verizon.net> wrote:
> No doubt there are arguments from passengers bound for all 3 buses of
> Jerry's cartoon (I could not the name of the artist)....
>
> However, it is hard to swallow (my understatement of the day) to believe
> that the end of the "hockey-stick curve" (see snip below;
> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_stick_graph), starting at our
> Industrial Revolution, is a mere cosmic coincidence of two unrelated events.
>
> Tony
>
> =============
> On 7/25/22 7:17 PM, Ted Kochanski wrote:
>
> Michael, et al
>
> I'm not sure what “mainstream expert opinion” -- actually means
>
> There is enormous gap between the highly political "Summary for
> Policymakers" and the technical content of the IPCC reports
> There is a fairly rigorous peer review process for the technical chapters
> with people of a skeptical bent such as Richard Lindzen playing key roles
> as principal authors [e.g. in 2001]
>
> The true sciencientists are careful to specify the large uncertainties
> associated with many of the parameters -- sometime with multidimensional
> error bars -- such as the effects of clouds on radiation back into space at
> night ["the blanket on top of the greenhouse roof effect"]
> These parameters in turn govern the atmospheric models -- the truth is
> that no one has yet figured out how to characterize the "feedback phase"
> [+/- multiplier due to the various clouds at various altitudes] and many
> similar processes -- so they are just approximated by other parameters or
> just ignored [e.g. the well known crudeness of the general circulation
> models down at the level of mountain ranges where with a few exceptions
> only a generalized friction term is used in place of any detailed 3D
> processes which we know are important in weather such as the Alpine föhn,
> Chinooks, etc.
>
> In the end -- all of the IPCC " projections "quoted by the Media and
> political types" are made by economic models of energy consumption and
> fossil fuel burning -- they really have no fundamental basis in underlying
> atmospheric science once the one parameter [sensitivity to doubling the CO2
> is selected]
>
> The stuff that the media talks about -- is crafted by the politics within
> and without the UN Committee involved in the process -- many of the
> people negotiating the Summary are politicians, economists or functionaries
> contributed by the various countries -- many have no actual history of
> making contributions to the underlying science
>
> I agree that we need to well understand the matter before us -- however
> precipitous ["pun"?] action is the absence of understanding is likely to be
> wasteful at the minimum and even potentially exacerbating.
>
> Finally -- its all well and good for the Davos crowd to preen and
> congratulate themselves -- they have achieved a much higher standard of
> living than their ancestors of just about a couple of generations ago [due
> to fossil fuels and electricity] -- what about the B's of people still
> living on a subsistence agricultural level -- don't they deserve some
> chance to flourish?
>
> Ted
>
> On Mon, Jul 25, 2022 at 5:38 PM Michael Alexander <mna.ma at yahoo.com>
> wrote:
>
>> Jerry et al.: I subscribe to the idea that climate change is
>> substantially human-caused, and that the impact on Earth and humans is
>> already severe and getting worse. It seems to me that critiques like
>> those Ted Kochanski advances are, though perceptive and (I think) valid, of
>> second-order importance for policymakers because the scope and intensity of
>> climate-change-induced phenomena have become so huge.
>>
>> To the best of my understanding, “mainstream expert opinion”
>> believes standard climate models (including the data fed into them) have
>> underestimated the extent of global and regional changes (temperature
>> changes, CO2 and CH4 (methane) concentrations), plus massive droughts, mass
>> fires, etc. Therefore, strong countervailing actions have become
>> imperative, even as climate models and input data are improved.
>>
>> To say this is one thing. To achieve genuine, significant changes—
>> worldwide changes, not changes merely in North America – is quite different
>> and far more complicated.
>>
>> – Mike Alexander
>>
>>
>>
>> On Monday, July 25, 2022, 5:06 PM, Ted Kochanski <tedpkphd at gmail.com>
>> wrote:
>>
>> Jerry,
>>
>> Its not as simple as:
>> branch -- the climate is constant
>> or branch humans are changing the climate
>>
>> The climate is always changing, which is why the weather folks use a 30
>> year sliding average to define [the average high, average low or the
>> average] for a given location and a given calendar date.
>> The dynamics of weather forcast on a short-time scale [say up to 10 days]
>> and forecasts for the upcoming season are not cleanly delineated
>> and then you get meta-events such as a drought lasting a few months to a
>> few years -- is that a climate or just weather event
>>
>> However, when you see prolonged instances of something such as the
>> Extended Freezing weather in the 1300's through as late as the early 1800's
>> in Europe, North America and beyond -- aka the Little Ice Age [LIA] --
>> that is clearly climate on a nearly global scale. Similarly the LIA is
>> predated by the Medieval Optimum [MO] when much of coastal Greenland was
>> ice-free. However, we have minimal instrumental data on the LIA [mostly
>> the latter few decades] and none at all about the MO -- depending entirely
>> on proxies of various fidelities and a scattering of documents relating to
>> environmental conditions.
>>
>> Proxies from further back suggest that there were multiple LIA and MO
>> like periods in the Holocene Epoch in the past approximately 11,650 cal
>> years since the Last Glacial Period. There was also one extraordinary
>> event known as the Younger Dryas aka Younger Dryas stadial [cool period
>> between roughly 12,900 and 11,600 years ago that disrupted the prevailing
>> warming trend occurring in the Northern Hemisphere at the end of the Last
>> Glacial Period. Ice and other cores indicate that the onset of the cooling
>> of the Younger Dryas was preceded by the Bølling-Allerød interstadial rapid
>> warming [beginning approximately 14,700 years ago]. The Younger Dryas'
>> return to near Glacial conditions lasted about 1300 hundred years and was
>> followed by extremely rapid warming to near current conditions [Greenland
>> ice-core samples suggest that local temperatures increased by up to 10 °C
>> in just a few decades].
>>
>> if you want to try to put your finger on the human component of climate
>> change -- you need to look to the past few decades when we have some fairly
>> "good" data sets of direct measurements of temperatures [from satellites
>> with their issues] and CO2 concentration and figure how to exclude the
>> non-human induced variability of the fairly recent [past 120 to 50 years
>> ago]. This post LIA era -- features substantial variability before the
>> recent "Satellite Measurement Era" [SME] -- sufficient for both "Global
>> Warming" [early 20th C] and "Global Cooling" with possible return to
>> Glaciation [mid 20th C] to be popularized in major Magazine cover stories.
>> If human activity didn't play a role in creating the MO or the LIA and is
>> difficult to credibly associate with the ending of the LIA -- why do we
>> feel so certain {"the science is settled"} that we can use human activity
>> to explain everything which has happened in the modern Satellite era.
>>
>> Ted
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> On Mon, Jul 25, 2022 at 4:13 PM Jerry Harris <jerryharri at gmail.com>
>> wrote:
>>
>> > "Anyone who denies that there are legitimate scientific questions... is
>> either un-read or not a true believer in what the process of science is all
>> about who is just interested in *psychological terror* of the populace."
>> (emphasis added)
>>
>> This seems to be a variant of Godwin's Law. (Although, am I pulling a
>> Meta-Godwin by referencing Godwin? :-)
>>
>> Are we having a disagreement on whether climate change is human-caused or
>> on the severity of the impact on Earth and humans? I thought we were past
>> this stage of the discussion.
>>
>> [image: image.png]
>>
>> Jerry
>>
>> On Mon, Jul 25, 2022 at 2:33 PM Ted Kochanski <tedpkphd at gmail.com> wrote:
>>
>> Marvin,
>>
>> In addition to Lonborg who believes strongly in the human role in causing
>> climate change on a global scale there are many imminent atmospheric
>> scientists who question the dependence of the "Catastrophic wing of the
>> Anthropogenic Climate Change argument] on models which are constantly
>> tweaked [without actually modifying the underlying theoretical framework
>> for the models nor actually testing them against the best of our
>> measurements of things like vertical profiles] -- meanwhile the planet
>> does its own thing with our and all of the other inputs.
>>
>> Anyone who denies that there are legitimate scientific questions leading
>> to model parameters which are inadequately quantified [even in some cases
>> to the sign of the term] to result in model output which is consistent with
>> the best measurements -- is either un-read or not a true believer in what
>> the process of science is all about who is just interested in psychological
>> terror of the populace.
>>
>> I suggest reading Fred Singer -- just before his death he and several
>> others updated his original 1997 book for the layman and others
>> Hot Talk, Cold Science (2021)
>> Global Warming’s Unfinished Debate (Revised and Expanded Third Edition)
>>
>> S. Fred Singer (Author)
>> David R. Legates (Author)
>> Anthony R. Lupo (Author)
>> Frederick Seitz (Foreword)
>> William Happer (Foreword)
>>
>> Ted
>>
>> On Mon, Jul 25, 2022 at 10:56 AM Marvin Menzin <mmenzin at icloud.com>
>> wrote:
>>
>> Even in our discussion about actions we should take on climate change,
>> it's notable that many rational voices support action "but not if it hurts
>> economic growth". If the consequences of climate change are so severe, why
>> should we not act regardless? Does the complexity of predicting the outcome
>> of the status quo vs taking action lend bias towards non-change? Probably.
>> We're evolutionarily not equipped to deal with long-term threats.
>>
>> Re the above , there are many rational people willing to accept some
>> hardship to mitigate warming and the long term threat.. so it comes down
>> to degree, what degree of pain is justified given the threat and the
>> uncertainty of the timeline?
>> i suggest reading Lomberg on the subject. .he is one of that tries to
>> quantify the cost benefit ratios of our actions on climate.
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> Sent from my iPad
>>
>> On Jul 25, 2022, at 10:50 AM, Jerry Harris <jerryharri at gmail.com> wrote:
>>
>>
>> Ted,
>> Thanks for the explanations about the complexities with taking
>> temperature measurements and your comments about the human aspect of
>> scientific endeavors.
>>
>> We are legitimizing (to a larger degree than I'd like to admit) the realm
>> of conspiracy theories and deliberate disinformation campaigns by tacitly
>> acknowledging the notion that labeling information a conspiracy or
>> disinformation is a matter of choice. Pointing out a person's profit motive
>> or ideological agenda for spreading the information isn't a strong argument
>> since we all apply our belief systems when selecting data on the ladder of
>> inference. On major topics where experts disagree, it especially opens the
>> door for non-experts to confuse the debate and dilute our collective
>> resolve to take important action.
>>
>> Even in our discussion about actions we should take on climate change,
>> it's notable that many rational voices support action "but not if it hurts
>> economic growth". If the consequences of climate change are so severe, why
>> should we not act regardless? Does the complexity of predicting the outcome
>> of the status quo vs taking action lend bias towards non-change? Probably.
>> We're evolutionarily not equipped to deal with long-term threats.
>>
>> Jerry
>>
>>
>> On Fri, Jul 22, 2022 at 11:39 AM Ted Kochanski <tedpkphd at gmail.com>
>> wrote:
>>
>> Jerry and all
>>
>> I think one has to be very careful in characterizing and manipulating
>> data which may not be well understood [as to error sources, various
>> pre-processing, etc.]
>> Spencer*1 and Christy*2 are very careful scientists and in particular
>> know the satellite microwave radiometer data better than nearly anybody --
>> having worked with it for more than 30 years
>>
>> The Satellite data record has been scrutinized, challenged and augmented
>> over the years until the error bars[mostly now duie to the difficulty in
>> calibrating from one satellite to a successor and the effects of
>> orbital decay on the field of view] are miniscule [+/- 0.02 C] in
>> comparison to the very poorly characterized and grossly manipulated global
>> surface temperature record. For example the "Official Boston Temperature"
>> has been collected from sites at different elevations above sea level,
>> different distances from the edge of the harbor and even on different sides
>> of the harbor. Even for the nearly one hundred years that the temperature
>> has been measured in East Boston-- there have been several measurement
>> sites since the days of the East Boston Army Airfield [gravel strip]*3 --
>> and then the configuration of the harbor's edge and nature of the
>> surrounding surfaces near to the measurement site has changed drastically
>> even when the measurements were taken at the old control tower. Even since
>> the measurement site returned to the edge of the harbor with the filling of
>> Bird Island Flats and the construction of the Hyatt and Logan Office Center
>> there have been further changes in the surroundings with the construction
>> of the adjacent paved area for the one-way runway on one side and the
>> consolidated garage for rental cars on the other side.
>>
>> As a personal observation I have had some extensive exposure to the NOAA
>> ocean buoy data sets when I was working on an unrelated problem at Lincoln
>> Lab. I was bothered by a persistent "fat tail" on the distribution of the
>> buoys' air temperature records despite a "careful design" of the sun
>> shields for the thermometers. On closer inspection the anomalous tails
>> occurred only immediately before sunset and immediately after sunrise. The
>> best explanation -- low angle scattering of sunlight from the ocean under
>> calm sea surface conditions.
>>
>>
>> Overall its easy to assume the best for the data collection and
>> processing -- no-one screws-up the data intentionally -- --
>> butrealloy understanding the constraints and quirks of the data is often
>> complicated when all the idiosyncrasies get considered.
>>
>>
>> *1
>> Spencer's background
>>
>> Roy W. Spencer received his Ph.D. in meteorology at the University of
>> Wisconsin-Madison in 1981. Before becoming a Principal Research Scientist
>> at the University of Alabama in Huntsville in 2001, he was a Senior
>> Scientist for Climate Studies at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center, where
>> he and Dr. John Christy received NASA’s Exceptional Scientific Achievement
>> Medal for their global temperature monitoring work with satellites. Dr.
>> Spencer’s work with NASA continues as the U.S. Science Team leader for the
>> Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer flying on NASA’s Aqua satellite. He
>> has provided congressional testimony several times on the subject of global
>> warming.
>>
>> Dr. Spencer’s research has been entirely supported by U.S. government
>> agencies: NASA, NOAA, and DOE. He has never been asked by any oil company
>> to perform any kind of service. Not even Exxon-Mobil.
>>
>>
>> *2
>> Christy's background
>>
>> Dr. John R. Christy is the Distinguished Professor of Atmospheric Science
>> and Director of the Earth System Science Center at The University of
>> Alabama in Huntsville where he began studying global climate issues in
>> 1987. Since November 2000 he has been Alabama's State Climatologist. In
>> 1989 Dr. Roy W. Spencer (then a NASA/Marshall scientist and now a Principal
>> Research Scientist at UAH) and Christy developed a global temperature data
>> set from microwave data observed from satellites beginning in 1979. For
>> this achievement, the Spencer-Christy team was awarded NASA's Medal for
>> Exceptional Scientific Achievement in 1991. *In 1996, they were selected
>> to receive a Special Award by the American Meteorological Society "for
>> developing a global, precise record of earth's temperature from operational
>> polar-orbiting satellites, fundamentally advancing our ability to monitor
>> climate."* In January 2002 Christy was inducted as a Fellow of the
>> American Meteorological Society.
>> Education
>> Ph.D., Atmospheric Science, University of Illinois, 1987
>> M.S., Atmospheric Science, University of Illinois, 1984
>> Graduate Research Assistant University of Illinois (summer 1985 at NCAR)
>>
>>
>>
>> *3
>> Wikipedia article
>>
>> Jeffries Point in East Boston was selected as the site, due to its
>> principal advantage of the capability for enlargement through the filling
>> in of the adjoining flats, owned by the state. The aircraft landing field
>> at Jeffires Point in East Boston was to accommodate military, naval and air
>> mail airplanes and commercial and civilian flyers.
>> Built in 1923, East Boston's new airport had two 1,500 foot cinder
>> covered runways laid out in the shape of a "T" with turning circles at each
>> end.
>>
>>
>>
>> Ted
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> On Thu, Jul 21, 2022 at 2:46 PM Jerry Harris <jerryharri at gmail.com>
>> wrote:
>>
>> Hi Stephen,
>> > Meanwhile, notice that the opposite does NOT happen. In other words,
>> nowhere in the “alternative” or “pseudoscience” world are the real academic
>> debates on these supposedly “alternative facts” actually referenced. It’s
>> a one-sided argument where science engages it’s critics but it’s critics
>> then ignore those legitimate responses to their attacks.
>>
>> This is usually a sign the debater is approaching the topic with a
>> pre-conceived conclusion and will discard contradictory facts, treating the
>> data as a means to an end.
>>
>> As for this particular dataset on Dr Roy's website, I downloaded his data
>> file (it was not csv-formatted) and created a chart. The charts don't match
>> at all. It's also clear it's an incomplete dataset. The numbers are
>> "temperature anomalies", which are deltas from an average calculated across
>> a range of the original temperature data (eg, years 1981-2001). The average
>> of the anomaly data across the same range should equal zero. There was no
>> such range in his data file, so he's missing data.
>>
>> I don't know whether the data is legit or not, but someone who's this
>> sloppy with their charts and data is working from a trust deficit.
>>
>> Jerry
>>
>> On Thu, Jul 21, 2022 at 1:34 PM Stephen Quatrano <stefanoq at gmail.com>
>> wrote:
>>
>> Jerry,
>>
>> I get what you are saying. Theories that explain the evidence are
>> absolutely a matter of debate in the scientific community. And it’s
>> certainly true about what should be DONE about climate change, which is not
>> a scientific question at all. But with respect to the evidence itself,
>> especially in a case like this, I think there is still a LOT we can say in
>> order to push back on a post-modern kind of view where everyone is entitled
>> to their own facts as well as their own opinions. Furthermore, in this
>> case, I think there’s evidence that this data set in particular is being
>> used in bad faith — abused in other words — to undermine public confidence
>> in science.
>>
>> This satellite data is not a set of “alternative facts” that are ignored
>> by the scientific community. It doesn’t even contradict warming that has
>> been observed unless you cherry pick the data. (Why are we looking at the
>> last 18 years?) On the contrary, the overall dataset confirms the fact
>> that the planet is warming, first of all. And second, this data set is
>> PART of the empirical data we use to understand what is happening to our
>> planet. And finally, on its own, it does not falsify an overwhelming,
>> global consensus on the fact of climate change and attribution models that
>> can ONLY account for observed changes when we consider the effects of human
>> activity.
>>
>> All you need to do to verify these three claims is search the scientific
>> record for the dataset. Voila! You find it!! Someone more skilled than I
>> am with familiarity and access to original scientific research can do it
>> even better than I have, no doubt. I’d love to see and learn more about
>> this dataset!
>>
>> This is pretty far from my own expertise but I have invested quite a bit
>> of time into both the history and philosophy of science in order to
>> understand “how we know what we know”. I’ve learned to take a deep breath
>> and ask some important questions before engaging in unproductive debate on
>> science and pseudoscience.
>>
>> For example, my first question is: “What exactly is this data set?” I
>> try hard to actually be interested in the data and interested in learning.
>> Why not? It’s cool.
>>
>> And my second question is: “If it is legit, and if it does contradict
>> other data, is it actually being ignored by scientists (which is what is
>> being implied by the controversy)? Is it being hidden or covered up? Or
>> perhaps it’s actually being used in their models?”
>>
>> Does anyone else notice that these questions are not asked by those who
>> are sowing doubt? And they surely don’t make explicit claims that
>> scientists have ignored or tried to cover up the contradictory data. Why
>> not? Because they can be investigated pretty easily. And if you look,
>> you’ll find out that ALL of the legitimate data is being used by the
>> community, not just those “convenient” datapoints that support some kind of
>> bogus theory.
>>
>> I used Google for literally 5 minutes and found these pretty interesting
>> looking arguments that engage with the data, the actual data, NOT
>> ALTERNATIVE FACTS, and explain that it IS being used and HOW it’s being
>> used and WHY.
>>
>> https://skepticalscience.com/Response-Data-or-Dogma-hearing.html
>>
>> https://skepticalscience.com/print.php?r=466
>>
>> “What-about-ism” is a plague on our open society and rational public
>> discourse. It’s a problem that all you need to do to cast doubt on hard
>> won consensus after years of debate and vital institutions, is to throw
>> data that seems to contradict conventional wisdom and ask questions like
>> these: “What about the 'Latest Global Average Tropospheric Temperatures’
>> data set from satellites?”
>>
>> Even I experience a kind of knee-jerk, visceral response to this
>> question. I feel myself asking, “Yeah! What ABOUT that contradictory
>> data?” Dang!
>>
>> You see, it’s just too easy to cast doubt and undermine confidence like
>> this. And it’s really, freakin hard to build trust.
>>
>> Stepping back, I notice that the record of scientific literature DOES
>> consider these measurements, dare I call them “facts." There are no
>> alternative facts. The prevailing models MUST account for all
>> observations, including these. And sure enough, these very datasets are
>> clearly referenced in the literature.
>>
>> Meanwhile, notice that the opposite does NOT happen. In other words,
>> nowhere in the “alternative” or “pseudoscience” world are the real academic
>> debates on these supposedly “alternative facts” actually referenced. It’s
>> a one-sided argument where science engages it’s critics but it’s critics
>> then ignore those legitimate responses to their attacks. They repeat
>> themselves. Or they move on. They don’t actually debate the issue: they
>> just cast doubt on the entire endeavor.
>>
>> I call this “bad faith” or pseudo-discourse. It’s not, in fact, a
>> conversation at all.
>>
>> Unfortunately, this creates a lot of collateral damage as well. It
>> affects our confidence and public trust in EVERYTHING.
>>
>> SQ
>>
>> On Jul 21, 2022, at 12:15 PM, Jerry Harris <jerryharri at gmail.com> wrote:
>>
>> Peter,
>> I disagree. The climate change debate shows us that alternative facts
>> have been created and used to support pre-determined conclusions. The
>> latest example recently shared on this list was that global warming is on
>> "pause" and CO2 increase is not the cause of climate change. (
>> https://www.drroyspencer.com/latest-global-temperatures/)
>>
>> Even in situations where the facts are agreed upon by all parties, there
>> can be plenty of alternative conclusions. Sometimes these are positive and
>> progressive, eg, the scientific method where a new theory is proposed based
>> on existing data. Sometimes there is incorrect or flawed reasoning (e.g.,
>> stupidity) that is used to reach a different conclusion. And sometimes,
>> there are belief- or ideologically-driven conclusions where the data and
>> reasoning chain only serves as means to an end.
>>
>> This gets me back to conspiracy theorists. Dismissing them as either
>> "stupid" or "fact-deprived" ignores the harm they can cause through
>> disinformation amplification and brainwashing.
>>
>> I know this is typical over-thinking of a simple cartoon, but this is why
>> I feel the cartoon is timelessly funny, IMO.
>>
>> Jerry
>>
>>
>>
>> On Thu, Jul 21, 2022 at 11:21 AM <palbin24 at yahoo.com> wrote:
>>
>> Fortunately in science “alternate facts” do not exist.
>>
>> Peter
>>
>> On Jul 21, 2022, at 11:11 AM, carllazarus at comcast.net wrote:
>>
>>
>>
>> Facts don’t matter to conspiracy theorists.
>>
>>
>>
>> *From:* LCTG <lctg-bounces+carllazarus=comcast.net at lists.toku.us> *On
>> Behalf Of *Jerry Harris
>> *Sent:* Thursday, July 21, 2022 8:30 AM
>> *To:* john rudy <jjrudy1 at comcast.net>
>> *Cc:* Lex Computer Group <LCTG at lists.toku.us>
>> *Subject:* Re: [Lex Computer & Tech Group/LCTG] science
>>
>>
>>
>> If only conspiracy theories or disinformation campaigns could be so
>> easily refuted with facts.
>>
>>
>>
>> On Wed, Jul 20, 2022 at 10:58 AM john rudy <jjrudy1 at comcast.net> wrote:
>>
>>
>> <image001.png>
>>
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