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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><b><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">June 2,
2021<span></span></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><b><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Telephone
Switching Before Computers</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> </span></b><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">(Ken Pogran)</span><i><span style="font-size:14pt"> </span></i><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif"><i><span style="font-size:14pt">When
we think about telephone switching today, we may think of all-digital, computer-based
systems humming along quietly in shiny computer rooms. But go back 50, 80, or
120 years, and you'll find calls are handled by clattering behemoth
electromechanical switching systems, some with racks and frames 14 feet tall,
and some motor-driven, with clutches and commutators and rods with brushes
that scamper up and down. In this talk Ken will take us through the
evolution of telephone switching systems, from an undertaker's invention of
the late 1880s through the Bell System's urban giant "panel"
systems of the 1920s and '30s and on up to the No. 1 and No. 5 crossbar
systems of the late '30s, '40s, and '50s. On the way we'll look at the
overall architecture of telephone switching, problems of scalability, and the
No 5 crossbar "marker"--the most complex relay-based computing
machine ever produced.</span></i></span><b><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span></span></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><b><i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black">SPECIAL NOTE - </span></i></b><i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black">Links to many of our previous sessions are
available online at <a href="http://lctg.toku.us/" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span style="color:blue">http://lctg.toku.us/</span></a>, thanks to the diligence of
Steve Isenberg. This includes the space-oriented presentations of Mars Landing
from February 24, Venus Temperature from March 17, Apollo Mission from April 14
and Space Debris from May 5.<span></span></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black">We, the Lexington
Computer and Technology Group, will meet Wednesday at the usual 10AM Eastern Time,
BUT ONLINE, using the Zoom Video Conferencing Application, facilitated by Steve
Isenberg. </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black">There is an instruction
page at <a href="https://toku.us/zoomish" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span style="color:blue">https://toku.us/zoomish</span></a> but note that the URL and
phone number shown are examples.</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black">Sometime after 9:45AM on
Wednesday, choose one of the following options:</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span></span></span></p>
<ul style="margin-bottom:0in" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black">If you have the Zoom application installed, start it and join
meeting with ID 972 6146 0830</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black">From your browser, go to: <a href="https://zoom.us/j/97261460830" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span style="color:blue">https://zoom.us/j/97261460830</span></a></span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black">From your smartphone, tap this: +16468769923,,97261460830</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black">From a “dumb” telephone, call 1 646 876 9923 and enter
meeting ID: 972 6146 0830 </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span></span></span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black">Once the connection is
established, you may need to locate and use the on-screen controls that turn on
the sound and the video. You should be able to see and hear others and they
should be able to see and hear you, if you have a camera and microphone (each
of which you can unmute selectively).</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";color:rgb(11,83,148)">If this email wasn't addressed to you and you
would like to join the group, or if you have a friend or colleague who might
also be interested in joining, it's easy. Ask them to go to the group's
wiki page at </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a href="http://LCTG.toku.us" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:blue">http://LCTG.toku.us</span></a></span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:rgb(11,83,148)"> </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";color:rgb(11,83,148)">and follow the simple
instructions under "Join the Email List". By being a member of
the group you'll get reminders of upcoming meetings and infrequent related
messages. No advertising. The list is tightly managed.<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";color:rgb(11,83,148)">Membership is free and given that all meetings
are using Zoom you only need to be connected to the Internet to join.
It's ok to join from anywhere you can get a decent Internet connection, even if
you're in orbit around Earth or on another planet or a moon (if you're
connecting from somewhere not on Earth, we'd like to chat).</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><b><i><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black">Below are our plans for Upcoming Meetings. For
more schedule information, please refer to <a href="https://wiki.toku.us/doku.php?id=lctg_speaker_schedule" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span style="color:blue">https://wiki.toku.us/doku.php?id=lctg_speaker_schedule</span></a>
We will continue to have an online presentation (almost) every Wednesday until
it is prudent for us to resume meeting in person.<span></span></span></i></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><b><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">June 9,
2021<span></span></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><b><span style="font-size:14pt">Quantum Engineering
of Superconducting Qubits</span></b><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">. William Oliver, associate professor
of EE and Computer Science at MIT and fellow at Lincoln Lab. (Rich Ralston).
The abstract of his talk: <br>
<i>Superconducting qubits are coherent artificial atoms assembled from
electrical circuit elements and microwave optical components. Their
lithographic scalability, compatibility with microwave control, and
operability at nanosecond time scales all converge to make the
superconducting qubit a highly attractive candidate for the constituent
logical elements of a quantum information processor. Over the past decade,
spectacular improvements in the manufacturing and control of these devices
have moved the superconducting qubit modality from the realm of scientific
curiosity to the threshold of technical reality. In this talk, we present the
progress, challenges, and opportunities ahead in engineering larger scale
processors.</i></span><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><b><span style="font-size:14pt">The Buzz on Bees</span></b>
<span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The
biology, pollination, diseases and parasites, killer bees, and beekeeping.
(Howard Cohen) <br>
<i>Join us, and bring your honey!</i></span><span style="font-size:12pt"><span></span></span></p>
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