<html><head></head><body><div class="ydpe179677eyahoo-style-wrap" style="font-family:Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:13px;"><div dir="ltr" data-setdir="false"><div><div>During my presentation about installing Linux on an older computer, someone asked me what exactly an OS kernel is.</div><div><br></div><div>Simply put, this is the interface between the Operating System and the Hardware. It handles low-level translation of code into actual hardware "do-this" operations. </div><div><br></div><div>I have attached the "onion layers" diagram of a typical Linux Operating System. Some authors now add the Network and The Cloud as additional layers. </div><div><br></div><div>The Linux Desktop Environment sits between the Shell Layer and the Applications Layer and provides the GUI end user experience for the desktop. Applications provide their application windows or use the Command Line Terminal. Applications may use very different graphics schemes from the Desktop Environment, sometimes causing crashes and other instabilities. </div><div><br></div><div>I mentioned Mint Desklets. These are part of the Cinnamon Desktop Environment, not the Application Layer per se. Applets, AppIndicators and Widgets also fall into the same realm as Desklets. </div><div><br></div><div>Shell Extensions are more of a GNOME thing than a Cinnamon feature, so Mint users will usually not encounter these. </div><div><br></div><div>I hope this summary and the attached document (Microsoft Word .docx format) will make clear what a kernel is and where it fits into an Operating System. </div><div><br></div><div>Windows and Mac OS do update their kernels, but they don't substitute a whole new kernel for the old one. They patch kernel-level files piecemeal. Patching in this way is not as secure and leads to more instability ("bad updates") than doing kernel updates the Linux way. It also leads to code bloat in Windows. Also known as "dll hell". This is one major reason Windows does not perform well on older hardware. And you can only put so many patches into one kernel before the whole leaky boat falls to pieces. This is why Windows XP was retired. And to some extent, Windows 7. </div><div><br></div><div>There is one real downside to updating the kernel by total replacement. You can lose support for older libraries needed by some software. And older hardware may lose support because of deprecated kernel level drivers. For software the solution is to upgrade to a newer version of the software. For hardware the process of putting back driver support can get very messy. </div><div><br></div><div>Because of the problem of "breakage" most Linux users keep three versions of their Linux kernels around, just in case. Beyond about three older versions it's overkill. Linux has Autoremove to take care of obsolete kernels so they don't just accumulate and fill up the Boot Partition (if this is a separate partition). </div><div><br></div><div>-- Bob Primak</div><div><br></div></div><br></div></div></body></html>