<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div>A different way to say it is that the universe has a speed of casualty that needs to be the same for all observers. And any massless particles have to travel at that speed (otherwise they couldn’t exist). Photons and gravitons are both massless, so they both travel at the speed of causality. It would be far more surprising if we <i class="">didn’t </i>see gravitation travel at the same speed as light - it would imply that gravitons have mass which would really screw up the (almost) inverse square law we observe at low densities. </div><div><br class=""></div><div>A similar suprise has happened before - we originally thought neutrinos were massless. Turns out that’s almost but not quite true.</div><div><br class=""></div><div><br class=""></div><div><br class=""></div><div><br class=""></div><div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Oct 28, 2022, at 10:14, Larry Wittig <<a href="mailto:9423lew@gmail.com" class="">9423lew@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class="">This article probably presents more than you really want to know, and it concludes from more than one observation that the speed of gravity waves are equal to the speed of light.<a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2019/07/06/ask-ethan-why-do-gravitational-waves-travel-exactly-at-the-speed-of-light/?sh=76a2642032dc" class="">Why Do Gravitational Waves Travel Exactly At The Speed Of Light?</a></div><br class=""><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Thu, Oct 27, 2022 at 10:58 PM Michael Alexander <<a href="mailto:mna.ma@yahoo.com" class="">mna.ma@yahoo.com</a>> wrote:<br class=""></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div class="">
One of the simplest potential “explanations” for the slightly smaller apparent speed of the gravitational waves might be the slowing of the waves by interaction with matter along their path to the earth. <div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Think of ordinary light refraction. The reason a lens behaves as it does is that the speed of light in a material is smaller than the speed of light in a vacuum (“the speed of light”). The light wave is slowed down by its electromagnetic interaction with the material. By analogy, the gravitational waves may have been slowed by their interaction with interstellar matter between their source and Earth.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">One test of this hypothesis would be to compare the apparent speeds of different gravitational waves that have been detected. The potential practical problem with this idea is that the uncertainty in the distance from Earth to the source (annihilating black holes), hence in the apparent discrepancy with “the speed of light”, might be at least as least as large as the discrepancy that animated this discussion.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Another conceivable possibility may relate to the precision with which “the speed of light”, c, has been determined (I don’t know the number, offhand). Is the quoted discrepancy less than the “margin of error” with which c has been determined? <br class=""><br class=""> – Mike Alexander<br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><p style="font-size:15px;color:rgb(113,95,250);padding-top:15px;margin-top:0px" class="">On Thursday, October 27, 2022, 5:48 PM, Larry Wittig <<a href="mailto:9423lew@gmail.com" target="_blank" class="">9423lew@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</p><blockquote class=""><div id="m_936205486157951299yiv5272478103" class=""><div dir="ltr" class="">Looks like one part in ~2E15, and who knows when in the merger event the light was emitted. G-wave events have a duration of about 0.5 seconds, and how do you peg the starting point.<div class=""><br class=""><div class=""><span id="cid:1841eec6e51cb971f162"><image.png></span><br class=""></div></div></div><br class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class="">On Thu, Oct 27, 2022 at 5:16 PM Carl Lazarus <<a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" href="mailto:carllazarus@comcast.net" target="_blank" class="">carllazarus@comcast.net</a>> wrote:<br class=""></div><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex" class=""><div class="">2 seconds out of 130 million years is not much of a discrepancy. Assuming it’s not an issue with our measurements, one starting 2 seconds before the other seems like a possible explanation.</div><div class=""><br class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class="">On Thu, Oct 27, 2022 at 2:43 PM Steve Isenberg <<a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" href="mailto:smisenberg@gmail.com" target="_blank" class="">smisenberg@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br class=""></div><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex" class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div style="font-size:small;color:rgb(11,83,148)" class=""><span style="font-family:"sans sans-serif"" class="">According to the speed of gravity article, they measured the speed of gravitational waves compared to the speed of light, by recording the relative time that the two waves reached Earth from an event that occurred 130 million years ago when two neutron stars collided and thus emitted both gravitational waves and light waves.<br class=""></span></div><div style="font-size:small;color:rgb(11,83,148)" class=""><span style="font-family:"sans sans-serif"" class="">The gravitational waves and light waves arrived within 2 seconds of each other.</span></div><div style="font-size:small;color:rgb(11,83,148)" class=""><span style="font-family:"sans sans-serif"" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="font-size:small;color:rgb(11,83,148)" class=""><span style="font-family:"sans sans-serif"" class="">The article concludes that the two speeds (gravity, light) are exactly the same (which on one hand makes sense).</span></div><div style="font-size:small;color:rgb(11,83,148)" class=""><span style="font-family:"sans sans-serif"" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="font-size:small;color:rgb(11,83,148)" class=""><span style="font-family:"sans sans-serif"" class="">However, how do they account for the 2 seconds difference in the arrival time of the two waves?</span></div><div style="font-size:small;color:rgb(11,83,148)" class=""><span style="font-family:"sans sans-serif"" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="font-size:small;color:rgb(11,83,148)" class=""><span style="font-family:"sans sans-serif"" class="">I suspect that it's due to gravitational influence of objects between us and the two neutron stars, or maybe the distance between locations of the two instruments on or near Earth (but I would have expected them to account for this). Or maybe the light was emitted by the neutron star collision just a little before or after the gravitational waves.</span></div><div style="font-size:small;color:rgb(11,83,148)" class=""><span style="font-family:"sans sans-serif"" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="font-size:small;color:rgb(11,83,148)" class=""><span style="font-family:"sans sans-serif"" class="">Anyone here have any thoughts on this?</span></div><div style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(11,83,148)" class=""><span style="font-family:"sans sans-serif"" class="">-steve</span><br class=""></div></div><br class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class="">On Thu, Oct 27, 2022 at 2:23 PM john rudy <<a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" href="mailto:jjrudy1@comcast.net" target="_blank" class="">jjrudy1@comcast.net</a>> wrote:<br class=""></div><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex" class=""><div class=""><div lang="EN-US" class=""><div class=""><p class=""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif" class="">Pretty interesting<u class=""></u><u class=""></u></span></p><p class=""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif" class=""><u class=""></u> <u class=""></u></span></p><div class=""><p class=""><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif" class="">John Rudy<u class=""></u><u class=""></u></span></p><p class=""><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif" class="">781-861-0402<u class=""></u><u class=""></u></span></p><p class=""><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif" class="">781-718-8334 (cell)<u class=""></u><u class=""></u></span></p><p class=""><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif" class=""><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" href="mailto:John.rudy@alum.mit.edu" target="_blank" class=""><span style="color:rgb(5,99,193)" class="">John.rudy@alum.mit.edu</span></a> <u class=""></u><u class=""></u></span></p><p class=""><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif" class=""><u class=""></u> <u class=""></u></span></p><p class=""><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif" class=""><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.google.com/maps/search/13+Hawthorne+Lane+Bedford,+MA%C2%A0+01730-1047?entry=gmail&source=g" target="_blank" class="">13 Hawthorne Lane</a><u class=""></u><u class=""></u></span></p><p class=""><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif" class=""><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.google.com/maps/search/13+Hawthorne+Lane+Bedford,+MA%C2%A0+01730-1047?entry=gmail&source=g" target="_blank" class="">Bedford, MA 01730-1047</a><u class=""></u><u class=""></u></span></p><p class=""><span id="cid:1841eec6e514cff311"><image001.png></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif" class=""><u class=""></u><u class=""></u></span></p></div><p class=""><span 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width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="width:6.25in;padding:0in" width="600" valign="top" class=""><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:0in 13.5pt 6.75pt" valign="top" class=""><h3 style="text-align:center" align="center" class="">with <strong class=""><span style="font-family:serif" class="">Alex Berezow</span></strong> ● Thu 27 October, 2022<u class=""></u><u class=""></u></h3></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><p class=""><u class=""></u> <u class=""></u></p><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;min-width:100%" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:6.75pt 0in 0in" valign="top" class=""><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="width:6.25in;padding:0in;max-width:100%;min-width:100%" width="600" valign="top" class=""><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:0in 13.5pt 6.75pt" valign="top" class=""><p style="margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%" class=""><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:150%;font-family:serif;color:rgb(32,32,32)" class="">Greetings Big Thinkers,<br class=""><br class="">The last time I dressed up for Halloween, I was the Phantom of the Opera. Today, if I really wanted to scare people, I would dress up as willful ignorance. Unfortunately, I don’t know what that costume would look like. Feel free to email me with suggestions!<br class=""><br class="">As all of you know, ignorance is vanquished in this newsletter. And this week, we feature more great stories: the speed of gravity, the secret to becoming an excellent physicist, and <span style="background-color:rgb(255,204,153)" class="">why black widows bite so many men in the “junk.”</span> Yikes.<br class=""><br class="">Be careful out there,<br class="">Alex<u class=""></u><u class=""></u></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><p class=""><u class=""></u> <u class=""></u></p><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;min-width:100%" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:22.5pt 13.5pt 0in;min-width:100%" class=""><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border:medium none;min-width:100%" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="border-color:black currentcolor currentcolor;border-style:solid none none;border-width:6pt medium medium;padding:0in;min-width:100%" class=""></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><p class=""><u class=""></u> <u class=""></u></p><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;min-width:100%" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:6.75pt 0in 0in" valign="top" class=""><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="width:225pt;padding:0in" width="300" valign="top" class=""><table style="max-width:225pt;border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:0in 13.5pt 6.75pt" valign="top" class=""><h3 class=""><strong class=""><span style="font-family:serif" class="">THE BIG EXPLANATION</span></strong><u class=""></u><u class=""></u></h3><p style="line-height:150%" class=""><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:150%;font-family:serif;color:rgb(32,32,32)" class=""> <u class=""></u><u class=""></u></span></p><h1 class=""><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" href="https://bigthink.us6.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d8275a58d856c36f1f7ed062e&id=71098af234&e=fec0247b6d" target="_blank" class=""><strong class=""><span style="font-family: serif; text-decoration: none;" class="">How fast is gravity, exactly?</span></strong></a><u class=""></u><u class=""></u></h1></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="width:225pt;padding:0in" width="300" valign="top" class=""><table style="max-width:225pt;border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:0in 13.5pt 6.75pt" valign="top" class=""><p style="margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%" class=""><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" href="https://bigthink.us6.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d8275a58d856c36f1f7ed062e&id=9bc7adbe49&e=fec0247b6d" target="_blank" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: serif; text-decoration: none;" class=""><img style="width: 2.75in; min-height: 1.5312in;" id="m_936205486157951299yiv5272478103m_9170101921891161659m_-3886635230618158412m_5097094879296065403_x0000_i1030" width="264" height="147" border="0" class=""></span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:150%;font-family:serif;color:rgb(32,32,32)" class=""><u class=""></u><u class=""></u></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><p class=""><u class=""></u> <u class=""></u></p><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;min-width:100%" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:6.75pt 0in 0in" valign="top" class=""><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="width:6.25in;padding:0in;max-width:100%;min-width:100%" width="600" valign="top" class=""><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:0in 13.5pt 6.75pt" valign="top" class=""><p style="margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%" class=""><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:150%;font-family:serif;color:rgb(32,32,32)" class="">I know what some of you are thinking: 9.8 meters per second squared! Wrong. That’s the acceleration due to gravity. What about gravity itself? Historically, there were two positions: gravity is either infinitely fast or merely as fast as the speed of light. Thanks to observations of gravitational waves, <span style="background-color:rgb(255,204,153)" class="">we know the answer.</span><u class=""></u><u class=""></u></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><p class=""><u class=""></u> <u class=""></u></p><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;min-width:100%" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:0in 13.5pt 13.5pt" valign="top" class=""><table style="border-collapse:collapse;border:medium none" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="border:1pt solid windowtext;padding:12pt;border-radius:0px" class=""><p style="text-align:center" align="center" class=""><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:serif" class=""><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" href="https://bigthink.us6.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d8275a58d856c36f1f7ed062e&id=58dfcd63c1&e=fec0247b6d" title="LEARN MORE" target="_blank" class=""><b class=""><span style="text-decoration: none;" class="">LEARN MORE</span></b></a> <u class=""></u><u class=""></u></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><p class=""><u class=""></u> <u class=""></u></p><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;min-width:100%" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:22.5pt 13.5pt 0in;min-width:100%" class=""><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border:medium none;min-width:100%" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="border-color:black currentcolor currentcolor;border-style:solid none none;border-width:6pt medium medium;padding:0in;min-width:100%" class=""></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><p class=""><u class=""></u> <u class=""></u></p><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;min-width:100%" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:6.75pt 0in 0in" valign="top" class=""><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="width:6.25in;padding:0in;max-width:100%;min-width:100%" width="600" valign="top" class=""><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:0in 13.5pt 6.75pt" valign="top" class=""><h1 class="">Popular<u class=""></u><u class=""></u></h1><h2 style="margin-left:0.5in" class=""><u class=""></u><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Symbol" class=""><span class="">·<span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;font-stretch:normal;font-size:7pt;line-height:normal;font-family:New" class=""> </span></span></span><u class=""></u>The 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href="https://bigthink.us6.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d8275a58d856c36f1f7ed062e&id=9a1b1dbbeb&e=fec0247b6d" target="_blank" class=""><span style="" class="">extraordinary journey</span></a> of Leonardo da Vinci’s most mysterious portrait<u class=""></u><u class=""></u></h2></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><p class=""><u class=""></u> <u class=""></u></p><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;min-width:100%" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:22.5pt 13.5pt 0in;min-width:100%" class=""><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border:medium none;min-width:100%" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="border-color:black currentcolor currentcolor;border-style:solid none none;border-width:6pt medium medium;padding:0in;min-width:100%" class=""></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><p class=""><u class=""></u> <u class=""></u></p><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;min-width:100%" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:6.75pt 0in 0in" valign="top" class=""><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="width:225pt;padding:0in" width="300" valign="top" class=""><table style="max-width:225pt;border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:0in 13.5pt 6.75pt" valign="top" class=""><h3 class=""><strong class=""><span style="font-family:serif" class="">THE BIG INSIGHT</span></strong><u class=""></u><u class=""></u></h3><p style="line-height:150%" class=""><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:150%;font-family:serif;color:rgb(32,32,32)" class=""> <u class=""></u><u class=""></u></span></p><h1 class=""><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" href="https://bigthink.us6.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d8275a58d856c36f1f7ed062e&id=df75e2c538&e=fec0247b6d" target="_blank" class=""><strong class=""><span style="font-family: serif; text-decoration: none;" class="">The secret to becoming an excellent physicist</span></strong></a><u class=""></u><u class=""></u></h1></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="width:225pt;padding:0in" width="300" valign="top" class=""><table style="max-width:225pt;border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:0in 13.5pt 6.75pt" valign="top" class=""><p style="margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%" class=""><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" href="https://bigthink.us6.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d8275a58d856c36f1f7ed062e&id=3ffeff8959&e=fec0247b6d" target="_blank" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: serif; text-decoration: none;" class=""><img style="width: 2.75in; min-height: 1.5312in;" id="m_936205486157951299yiv5272478103m_9170101921891161659m_-3886635230618158412m_5097094879296065403_x0000_i1029" width="264" height="147" border="0" class=""></span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:150%;font-family:serif;color:rgb(32,32,32)" class=""><u class=""></u><u class=""></u></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><p class=""><u class=""></u> <u class=""></u></p><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;min-width:100%" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:6.75pt 0in 0in" valign="top" class=""><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="width:6.25in;padding:0in;max-width:100%;min-width:100%" width="600" valign="top" class=""><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:0in 13.5pt 6.75pt" valign="top" class=""><p style="margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%" class=""><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:150%;font-family:serif;color:rgb(32,32,32)" class="">Isaac Newton was probably <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" href="https://bigthink.us6.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d8275a58d856c36f1f7ed062e&id=b090a55e59&e=fec0247b6d" target="_blank" class=""><span style="" class="">the smartest person who ever lived</span></a>. But, good news! You don’t have to be an unparalleled genius to be successful at physics. What you do have to do is your homework — and lots of it. Being a good physicist means working through tough math problems so that you can develop an intuitive sense for <span style="background-color:rgb(255,204,153)" class="">what is real and what is nonsense.</span><u class=""></u><u class=""></u></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><p class=""><u class=""></u> <u class=""></u></p><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;min-width:100%" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:0in 13.5pt 13.5pt" valign="top" class=""><table style="border-collapse:collapse;border:medium none" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="border:1pt solid windowtext;padding:12pt;border-radius:0px" class=""><p style="text-align:center" align="center" class=""><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:serif" class=""><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" href="https://bigthink.us6.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d8275a58d856c36f1f7ed062e&id=97cb9536d1&e=fec0247b6d" title="LEARN MORE" target="_blank" class=""><b class=""><span style="text-decoration: none;" class="">LEARN MORE</span></b></a> <u class=""></u><u class=""></u></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><p class=""><u class=""></u> <u class=""></u></p><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;min-width:100%" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:22.5pt 13.5pt 0in;min-width:100%" class=""><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border:medium none;min-width:100%" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="border-color:black currentcolor currentcolor;border-style:solid none none;border-width:6pt medium medium;padding:0in;min-width:100%" class=""></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><p class=""><u class=""></u> <u class=""></u></p><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;min-width:100%" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:6.75pt 0in 0in" valign="top" class=""><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="width:225pt;padding:0in" width="300" valign="top" class=""><table style="max-width:225pt;border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:0in 13.5pt 6.75pt" valign="top" class=""><h3 class=""><strong class=""><span style="font-family:serif" class="">THE BIG SURPRISE</span></strong><u class=""></u><u class=""></u></h3><p style="line-height:150%" class=""><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:150%;font-family:serif;color:rgb(32,32,32)" class=""> <u class=""></u><u class=""></u></span></p><h1 class=""><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" href="https://bigthink.us6.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d8275a58d856c36f1f7ed062e&id=8ef4496c86&e=fec0247b6d" target="_blank" class=""><strong class=""><span style="font-family: serif; text-decoration: none;" class="">Why black widows bite so many men in the “junk”</span></strong></a><u class=""></u><u class=""></u></h1></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="width:225pt;padding:0in" width="300" valign="top" class=""><table style="max-width:225pt;border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:0in 13.5pt 6.75pt" valign="top" class=""><p style="margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%" class=""><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" href="https://bigthink.us6.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d8275a58d856c36f1f7ed062e&id=70a601ad03&e=fec0247b6d" target="_blank" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: serif; text-decoration: none;" class=""><img style="width: 2.75in; min-height: 1.5312in;" id="m_936205486157951299yiv5272478103m_9170101921891161659m_-3886635230618158412m_5097094879296065403_x0000_i1028" width="264" height="147" border="0" class=""></span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:150%;font-family:serif;color:rgb(32,32,32)" class=""><u class=""></u><u class=""></u></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><p class=""><u class=""></u> <u class=""></u></p><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;min-width:100%" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:6.75pt 0in 0in" valign="top" class=""><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="width:6.25in;padding:0in;max-width:100%;min-width:100%" width="600" valign="top" class=""><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:0in 13.5pt 6.75pt" valign="top" class=""><p style="margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%" class=""><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:150%;font-family:serif;color:rgb(32,32,32)" class="">Black widow spiders live up to their name. Though people practically never die from the bite of a black widow, some of <span style="background-color:rgb(255,204,153)" class="">the worst documented bites</span> have occurred on a man’s “junk.” Why? Well, black widows like to build their webs in dark places, like basements, garages, underneath decks — and outhouses.<u class=""></u><u class=""></u></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><p class=""><u class=""></u> <u class=""></u></p><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;min-width:100%" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:0in 13.5pt 13.5pt" valign="top" class=""><table style="border-collapse:collapse;border:medium none" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="border:1pt solid windowtext;padding:12pt;border-radius:0px" class=""><p style="text-align:center" align="center" class=""><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:serif" class=""><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" href="https://bigthink.us6.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d8275a58d856c36f1f7ed062e&id=5d52aa0ade&e=fec0247b6d" title="LEARN MORE" target="_blank" class=""><b class=""><span style="text-decoration: none;" class="">LEARN MORE</span></b></a> <u class=""></u><u class=""></u></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><p class=""><u class=""></u> <u class=""></u></p><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;min-width:100%" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:22.5pt 13.5pt 0in;min-width:100%" class=""><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border:medium none;min-width:100%" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="border-color:black currentcolor currentcolor;border-style:solid none none;border-width:6pt medium medium;padding:0in;min-width:100%" class=""></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><p class=""><u class=""></u> <u class=""></u></p><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;min-width:100%" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:6.75pt 0in 0in" valign="top" class=""><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="width:6.25in;padding:0in;max-width:100%;min-width:100%" width="600" valign="top" class=""><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:0in 13.5pt 6.75pt" valign="top" class=""><h1 class="">Live smarter<u class=""></u><u class=""></u></h1><h2 style="margin-left:0.5in" class=""><u class=""></u><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Symbol" class=""><span class="">·<span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;font-stretch:normal;font-size:7pt;line-height:normal;font-family:New" class=""> </span></span></span><u class=""></u>The psychology of <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" href="https://bigthink.us6.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d8275a58d856c36f1f7ed062e&id=fbf1d77ca1&e=fec0247b6d" target="_blank" class=""><span style="" class="">keeping secrets inside</span></a><u class=""></u><u class=""></u></h2><h2 style="margin-left:0.5in" class=""><u class=""></u><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Symbol" class=""><span class="">·<span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;font-stretch:normal;font-size:7pt;line-height:normal;font-family:New" class=""> </span></span></span><u class=""></u>Meditation <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" href="https://bigthink.us6.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d8275a58d856c36f1f7ed062e&id=057d46d7b9&e=fec0247b6d" target="_blank" class=""><span style="" class="">reorganizes</span></a> the brain’s spatial topography<u class=""></u><u class=""></u></h2><h2 style="margin-left:0.5in" class=""><u class=""></u><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Symbol" class=""><span class="">·<span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;font-stretch:normal;font-size:7pt;line-height:normal;font-family:New" class=""> </span></span></span><u class=""></u>The psychology of <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" href="https://bigthink.us6.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d8275a58d856c36f1f7ed062e&id=f7e9d30ab2&e=fec0247b6d" target="_blank" class=""><span style="" class="">financial anxiety</span></a> — and how to overcome it<u class=""></u><u class=""></u></h2><h2 style="margin-left:0.5in" class=""><u class=""></u><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Symbol" class=""><span class="">·<span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;font-stretch:normal;font-size:7pt;line-height:normal;font-family:New" class=""> </span></span></span><u class=""></u><strong class=""><span style="font-family:serif" class="">From the archive:</span></strong> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" href="https://bigthink.us6.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d8275a58d856c36f1f7ed062e&id=945119e950&e=fec0247b6d" target="_blank" class=""><span style="" class="">Flow state</span></a>: How to trigger the best performance of your life<u class=""></u><u class=""></u></h2></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><p class=""><u class=""></u> <u class=""></u></p><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;min-width:100%" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:22.5pt 13.5pt 0in;min-width:100%" class=""><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border:medium none;min-width:100%" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="border-color:black currentcolor currentcolor;border-style:solid none none;border-width:1pt medium medium;padding:0in;min-width:100%" class=""></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><p class=""><u class=""></u> <u class=""></u></p><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;min-width:100%" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:6.75pt 0in 0in" valign="top" class=""><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="width:6.25in;padding:0in;max-width:100%;min-width:100%" width="600" valign="top" class=""><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:0in 13.5pt 6.75pt" valign="top" class=""><p style="text-align:center;line-height:150%" align="center" class=""><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:150%;font-family:serif;color:rgb(32,32,32)" class=""><img style="width: 1.4895in; min-height: 1.5625in;" id="m_936205486157951299yiv5272478103m_9170101921891161659m_-3886635230618158412m_5097094879296065403_x0000_i1027" width="143" height="150" border="0" class=""></span><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:150%;font-family:serif;color:rgb(32,32,32)" class=""><u class=""></u><u class=""></u></span></p><h3 style="text-align:center" align="center" class=""><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" href="mailto:alex.b@bigthink.com" target="_blank" class=""><strong class=""><span style="font-family: serif;" class="">Alex Berezow</span></strong></a> is the executive editor of Big Think. He holds a PhD in microbiology and has over a decade of experience in science journalism.<u class=""></u><u class=""></u></h3></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><p class=""><u class=""></u> <u class=""></u></p><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;min-width:100%" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding:7.5pt 13.5pt 15pt;min-width:100%" class=""><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border:medium none;min-width:100%" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="border-color:black currentcolor currentcolor;border-style:solid none none;border-width:1pt medium medium;padding:0in;min-width:100%" class=""></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr class=""><td 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