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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72" style='word-wrap:break-word'><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"inherit",serif;color:#111111;text-transform:uppercase'><a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/topic/artificial-intelligence/"><b><span style='font-family:"Courier New";color:white;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;text-decoration:none'>ARTIFICIALThis is scary INTELLIGENCE</span></b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><h1 style='vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing: border-box;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:3.875rem;font-optical-sizing: inherit;font-kerning: inherit;font-feature-settings: inherit;font-variation-settings: inherit;font-size:3.5rem;margin:1.75rem 0px 1.5rem;outline: 0px'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:white'>paid to train AI are outsourcing their work… to AI<o:p></o:p></span></h1><p style='margin:0in;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing: border-box;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit;font-optical-sizing: inherit;font-kerning: inherit;font-feature-settings: inherit;font-variation-settings: inherit;outline: 0px'><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"inherit",serif;color:white;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>It’s a practice that could introduce further errors into already error-prone models.</span></b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"inherit",serif;color:white'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span class=bylineby--3i70z><b><span style='font-size:15.0pt;font-family:"inherit",serif;color:white;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>By </span></b></span><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:white'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><ul style='margin-top:0in' type=disc><li class=bylineauthor--g26rn style='color:white;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing: border-box;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit;font-optical-sizing: inherit;font-kerning: inherit;font-feature-settings: inherit;font-variation-settings: inherit;outline: 0px;display:inline-block'><b><span style='font-size:15.0pt;font-family:"inherit",serif'><a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/author/rhiannon-williams/"><span style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;text-decoration:none'>Rhiannon Williams</span><span class=screen-reader-text><span style='color:blue;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;text-decoration:none'>archive page</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ul><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:white'>June 22, 2023<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"inherit",serif;color:#111111;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><img border=0 width=2112 height=1189 style='width:22.0in;height:12.3802in' id="Picture_x0020_3" src="cid:image001.jpg@01D9A5AA.62DC7A20" alt="anonymous workers at a conveyor belt and strings of words flow out one end"></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"inherit",serif;color:#111111;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span class=imagecredit--1fj0h><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"inherit",serif;color:#616568;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.75pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>STEPHANIE ARNETT/MITTR | GETTY</span></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"inherit",serif;color:#111111'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing: border-box;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;font-optical-sizing: inherit;font-kerning: inherit;font-feature-settings: inherit;font-variation-settings: inherit;font-size:1.125rem;margin:1.875rem;outline: 0px'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>A significant proportion of people paid to train AI models may be themselves outsourcing that work to AI, a new study has found. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing: border-box;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;font-optical-sizing: inherit;font-kerning: inherit;font-feature-settings: inherit;font-variation-settings: inherit;font-size:1.125rem;margin:1.875rem;outline: 0px'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>It takes an incredible amount of data to train AI systems to perform specific tasks accurately and reliably. Many companies pay gig workers on platforms like <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/12/11/1014081/ai-machine-learning-crowd-gig-worker-problem-amazon-mechanical-turk/"><span style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Mechanical Turk</span></a> to complete tasks that are typically hard to automate, such as solving CAPTCHAs, labeling data and annotating text. This data is then fed into AI models to train them. The workers are poorly paid and are often expected to complete lots of tasks very quickly. <o:p></o:p></span></p><div style='mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><h2 style='vertical-align:baseline;border:none;padding:0in;box-sizing: border-box;border-right-style:initial;border-bottom-style:initial;border-left-style:initial;border-right-color:initial;border-bottom-color:initial;border-left-color:initial;border-image: initial;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit;font-optical-sizing: inherit;font-kerning: inherit;font-feature-settings: inherit;font-variation-settings: inherit;font-size:1rem;margin:0.625rem;padding:0.625rem 0px 0px;outline: 0px'><span style='font-family:"inherit",serif;color:#111111'>Related Story<o:p></o:p></span></h2></div><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/04/04/1070938/we-are-hurtling-toward-a-glitchy-spammy-scammy-ai-powered-internet/"><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"inherit",serif;color:blue;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=2112 height=1189 style='width:22.0in;height:12.3802in' id="Picture_x0020_2" src="cid:image002.jpg@01D9A5AA.62DC7A20" alt=""""></span></a><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"inherit",serif;color:#111111'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"inherit",serif;color:#111111'><a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/04/04/1070938/we-are-hurtling-toward-a-glitchy-spammy-scammy-ai-powered-internet/"><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><o:p></o:p></span></b></a></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><b><u><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"inherit",serif;color:blue;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/04/04/1070938/we-are-hurtling-toward-a-glitchy-spammy-scammy-ai-powered-internet/"><span style='color:blue'>We are hurtling toward a glitchy, spammy, scammy, AI-powered internet</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext;border:none;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none'><o:p></o:p></span></a></span></u></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"inherit",serif;color:#111111'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p style='margin:0in;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing: border-box;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit;font-optical-sizing: inherit;font-kerning: inherit;font-feature-settings: inherit;font-variation-settings: inherit;outline: 0px'><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"inherit",serif;color:#111111'>Large language models are full of security vulnerabilities, yet they’re being embedded into tech products on a vast scale.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing: border-box;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;font-optical-sizing: inherit;font-kerning: inherit;font-feature-settings: inherit;font-variation-settings: inherit;font-size:1.125rem;margin:1.875rem;outline: 0px'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>No wonder some of them may be turning to tools like ChatGPT to maximize their earning potential. But how many? To find out, a team of researchers from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) hired 44 people on the gig work platform Amazon Mechanical Turk to summarize 16 extracts from medical research papers. Then they analyzed their responses using an AI model they’d trained themselves that looks for telltale signals of ChatGPT output, such as lack of variety in choice of words. They also extracted the workers’ keystrokes in a bid to work out whether they’d copied and pasted their answers, an indicator that they’d generated their responses elsewhere.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing: border-box;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;font-optical-sizing: inherit;font-kerning: inherit;font-feature-settings: inherit;font-variation-settings: inherit;font-size:1.125rem;margin:1.875rem;outline: 0px'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>They estimated that somewhere between 33% and 46% of the workers had used AI models like OpenAI’s ChatGPT. It’s a percentage that’s likely to grow even higher as ChatGPT and other AI systems become more powerful and easily accessible, according to the authors of the study, which has been shared on <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.07899.pdf"><span style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>arXiv</span></a> and is yet to be peer-reviewed. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing: border-box;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;font-optical-sizing: inherit;font-kerning: inherit;font-feature-settings: inherit;font-variation-settings: inherit;font-size:1.125rem;margin:1.875rem;outline: 0px'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>“I don’t think it’s the end of crowdsourcing platforms. It just changes the dynamics,” says Robert West, an assistant professor at EPFL, who coauthored the study. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing: border-box;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;font-optical-sizing: inherit;font-kerning: inherit;font-feature-settings: inherit;font-variation-settings: inherit;font-size:1.125rem;margin:1.875rem;outline: 0px'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Using AI-generated data to train AI could introduce further errors into already error-prone models. Large language models regularly present false information as fact. If they generate incorrect output that is itself used to train other AI models, the errors can be absorbed by those models and amplified over time, making it more and more difficult to work out their origins, says Ilia Shumailov, a junior research fellow in computer science at Oxford University, who was not involved in the project.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing: border-box;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;font-optical-sizing: inherit;font-kerning: inherit;font-feature-settings: inherit;font-variation-settings: inherit;font-size:1.125rem;margin:1.875rem;outline: 0px'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Even worse, there’s no simple fix. “The problem is, when you’re using artificial data, you acquire the errors from the misunderstandings of the models and statistical errors,” he says. “You need to make sure that your errors are not biasing the output of other models, and there’s no simple way to do that.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing: border-box;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;font-optical-sizing: inherit;font-kerning: inherit;font-feature-settings: inherit;font-variation-settings: inherit;font-size:1.125rem;margin:1.875rem;outline: 0px'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>The study highlights the need for new ways to check whether data has been produced by humans or AI. It also highlights one of the problems with tech companies’ tendency to rely on gig workers to do the vital work of tidying up the data fed to AI systems. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing: border-box;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;font-optical-sizing: inherit;font-kerning: inherit;font-feature-settings: inherit;font-variation-settings: inherit;font-size:1.125rem;margin:1.875rem;outline: 0px'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>“I don’t think everything will collapse,” says West. “But I think the AI community will have to investigate closely which tasks are most prone to being automated and to work on ways to prevent this.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span class=slideradclosetext--1dj37><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"inherit",serif;color:#111111;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>hide</span></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"inherit",serif;color:#111111'><o:p></o:p></span></p><h3 style='margin:0in;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing: border-box;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit;font-optical-sizing: inherit;font-kerning: inherit;font-feature-settings: inherit;font-variation-settings: inherit;outline: 0px'><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"inherit",serif;color:#111111'>by <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/author/rhiannon-williams/"><span style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;text-decoration:none'>Rhiannon Williams</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none'>John Rudy<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none'>781-861-0402<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none'>781-718-8334 cell<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none'>13 Hawthorne Lane<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none'>Bedford MA<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none'><a href="mailto:jjrudy1@comcast.net">jjrudy1@comcast.net</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><img border=0 width=124 height=115 style='width:1.2916in;height:1.1927in' id="Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:image003.png@01D9A5AA.62DC7A20"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></body></html>