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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72" style='word-wrap:break-word'><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>Folks,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>Below is a link to an MIT document outlining the physics of Hall effect thrusters:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'><a href="https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-522-space-propulsion-spring-2015/a275de9b17e8ff642c742632a0c5f380_MIT16_522S15_Lecture16.pdf">https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/16-522-space-propulsion-spring-2015/a275de9b17e8ff642c742632a0c5f380_MIT16_522S15_Lecture16.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>Bob Eckert</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ligatures:none'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'><a href="mailto:roberteckert@verizon.net"><span style='color:blue'>roberteckert@verizon.net</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>Cell: 781-336-7377<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='mso-ligatures:none'>From:</span></b><span style='mso-ligatures:none'> LCTG <lctg-bounces+roberteckert=verizon.net@lists.toku.us> <b>On Behalf Of </b>John Rudy via LCTG<br><b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, October 11, 2023 4:27 PM<br><b>To:</b> Lex Computer Group <lctg@lists.toku.us><br><b>Subject:</b> [Lex Computer & Tech Group/LCTG] NASA thrusters<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>I just read this 3 times and still don’t understand it. Of course there is a sentence in the middle that reminds me of my high school teacher’s “the proof will be left to the reader”.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>John<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>================================================== <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:8.4pt;line-height:22.5pt;background:white;vertical-align:baseline'><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Open Sans",sans-serif;color:#333333;mso-ligatures:none'>Sci-fi propulsion is now a reality<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;background:white;vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Open Sans",sans-serif;color:#333333;mso-ligatures:none'>David Oh, chief engineer for operations at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory says this will be the first-ever mission to use Hall Effect thrusters in interplanetary space. What does that mean? Well basically, Hall Effect thrusters use electricity to ionize xenon gas — ionization refers to removing or adding one or two electrons from the atoms that make up a substance. In this case, the substance is a gas. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;background:white;vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Open Sans",sans-serif;color:#333333;mso-ligatures:none'>Upon ionization, those atoms gain a charge. (Regular old atoms have neutral charges because their positive proton count and negative electron count are equal. Remove some electrons, for instance, and you lose some negativity.) The result? Ions. Then, those charged ions form an electric field which can, through a series of complicated steps, propel an object. In this case, that's the Psyche spacecraft. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;background:white;vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Open Sans",sans-serif;color:#333333;mso-ligatures:none'>"They come out of the thruster going at 15 kilometers per second, or nine miles per second," Oh said. "That's five times faster than the speed of the fuel coming out of a regular chemical rocket."<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none'>John Rudy<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none'>781-861-0402<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none'>781-718-8334 cell<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none'>13 Hawthorne Lane<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none'>Bedford MA<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none'><a href="mailto:jjrudy1@comcast.net">jjrudy1@comcast.net</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-ligatures:none'><img border=0 width=124 height=115 style='width:1.2916in;height:1.1979in' id="Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:image001.png@01D9FCE0.9F9A3E60"></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></body></html>