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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple style='word-wrap:break-word'><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>About 20 years ago my son started a 100-inning baseball game with all profits going to ALS. They have raised nearly $1M<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>The game starts Saturday at 8am and goes, continuously until 100 innings are over, approx. 5pm on Sunday The game this year starts 10/12. Players sign up for time blocks during which they are on the batter schedule and 9 of the available players play the field when on defense. My son Brett has played all 100 innings for all the years of the contest. See <a href="https://theangelfund.org/100-innings/">https://theangelfund.org/100-innings/</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>I will be one of the sponsors. It is a worthy charity<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>John<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> LCTG <lctg-bounces+jjrudy1=comcast.net@lists.toku.us> <b>On Behalf Of </b>Ted Kochanski via LCTG<br><b>Sent:</b> Saturday, August 31, 2024 6:11 PM<br><b>To:</b> Robert Primak <bobprimak@yahoo.com><br><b>Cc:</b> lctg@lists.toku.us<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lex Computer & Tech Group/LCTG] Prompt Engineering<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal>All,<o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>This one is of personal interest</span><o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>My father-in-law suffered from ALS for the last couple of years of his life [back about 40 years ago]</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>It was particularly hard on him since he was a Generalist Physician who had seem some ALS patients in his career</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>The positive feature of his illness was that his wife [my mother-in-law] was a nurse and could manage his care at home with just some assistance</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>As his illness progressed from initial problems walking to problems talking -- the two of them developed a private code involving him blinking his eyes to communicate -- based on binary logic chains for common issues </span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>While he eventually lost the ability to even mouth words -- He never lost his mental capacities nor the ability to blink</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>They agreed that when he stopped breathing that there would be no resuscitation -- that's how it finally ended</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt'> I'm always hopeful that there will be some useful means of communicating using tech long before there is a "cure"</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Ted</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>On Fri, Aug 30, 2024 at 1:56<span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'> </span>PM Robert Primak via LCTG <<a href="mailto:lctg@lists.toku.us">lctg@lists.toku.us</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div><blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0in'><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>These results are well within the realm of what I alluded to in previous messages. Notes:</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>(1) This LLM was trained on just one patient, which increases the likelihood of accuracy. It does not provide general applicability to different individuals. (At least not yet.)</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>(2) The signals used came from very specific locations within the subject's brain, and these locations were known to (and adjusted by) the researchers. For this type of application, such methods are perfectly acceptable. Notice that implanted electrodes are a much finer instrument than scanned EEG or f-MRI signals. Also, this research was not attempting to read "thoughts", but rather to interpret signals which would normally trigger muscle movements to produce the elements of human speech. Very different concepts! </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>(3) I am impressed with how rigorously the researchers have reported what their LLM was doing with the data it was processing.This makes these results entirely plausible. </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>(4) I do hope this research leads to more widely applicable LLM and AI models for use on more patients with limited or no speech capabilities. Including communication with people born without these faculties. This type of research will provide real benefits to individuals, caregivers, health care teams and families, as well to our society in general.</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>I hope this research and projects like it will receive the funding they need to move forward. This is a very promising area of research and medical device development. I do not see this particular kind of research as threatening to "read people's minds" or interfere with privacy or freedoms. That's not what this research is intended to do, and I don't see how it could lead to such outcomes. </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>-- Bob Primak</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></div><div id="m_-6488956134117240890yahoo_quoted_5352666329"><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'>On Friday, August 30, 2024 at 01:22:35 PM EDT, <<a href="mailto:comahony@yahoo.com" target="_blank">comahony@yahoo.com</a>> wrote: <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><div id="m_-6488956134117240890yiv4901304936"><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'>Related to this conversation, earlier today I read the following account of advancing the state of the art in another email…<o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><h1 style='margin:0in;line-height:30.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B'>A Lost Voice Regained<o:p></o:p></span></h1><p style='margin:0in;line-height:20.25pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B'>A man who lost the ability to speak four years ago is sounding like his earlier self, thanks to a collection of brain implants and machine learning models.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='margin:0in;line-height:20.25pt'><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B'>What’s new:</span></b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B'> Researchers built a system that <a href="https://info.deeplearning.ai/e3t/Ctc/LX+113/cJhC404/VVsmGC4pHCpMW8G19Lw2f28pLW46ZLVZ5kht08MtGxm43qgyTW7lCdLW6lZ3npW5sGV9k3bZR2DN2V-pqL6NpqjW3gL-0Z3MqF9DW46KrSy23_yvhW4Zt_645d18f0W2BZ1lP8l6ggxW6HTgPc96Kw1rW4BP3zr6qcH_ZW6SyHP799_n7pW24-DQN60LkKGW3chlcS6gg9f8W4pvYtq7MF24zVdtdDP6-bcwRN7dfzXw4T4JdW8f_c9m1hbBymW279syz1145Z7W7tdxxS6k7xRLW7_Mc7c21j7-4W30qvCy6lYzQwN5TBwH7Whx9qN5JkqKvJK_zZW9jZP2l1Gb0nbW6v2RD17w-2sdW3sqY-l77N43ff5zPMYH04" target="_blank"><span style='color:#237B94'>decodes speech signals from the brain</span></a> of a man who lost the ability to speak clearly due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also known as ALS, and enables him to speak through a synthetic version of his former voice. At the start of the study, his efforts to speak were intelligible only to his personal caregiver. Now he converses regularly with family and friends, <i>The New York Times</i> <a href="https://info.deeplearning.ai/e3t/Ctc/LX+113/cJhC404/VVsmGC4pHCpMW8G19Lw2f28pLW46ZLVZ5kht08MtGxmn3qgyTW7Y8-PT6lZ3kxW2M87d95Yb6wNN1LDVKdJS3bTVKbc3P8VzXXMMZ--HQwMdBDVt_QvH1qkyCQW91LzXp8GJb31W3wQ5wh7S0rz6W7kmh8T3308pGW2CVzzt5cFxgjF2Jpk9vczqsW8MhtCF1njm9JW8x6MGq26sylPN4DlhWgvFmH9N3vyv8kz11rKW5-rH-r4gYgHJW2c62Gj532yPcW1npm-41hd_qGW47f29t3q3WjwW6shSqB7fwS96W2K-Cf72CfR8sN1pTLt_p8WhLW2CtQ7z4xghkBMy5wZWqR0bfW3F9yGH74rsSGW1_lvjL5TXmGHW5G3v4k1vnsGJf5mZFwT04" target="_blank"><span style='color:#237B94'>reported</span></a>. Nicholas Card built the system with colleagues University of California-Davis, Stanford University, Washington University, Brown University, VA Providence Healthcare, and Harvard Medical School.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='margin:0in;line-height:20.25pt'><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B'>How it works:</span></b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B'> The authors surgically implanted four electrode arrays into areas of the brain that are responsible for speech. The system learned to decode the patient’s brain signals, decide the most likely phonemes he intended to speak, determine the words those phonemes express, and display and speak the words aloud using a personalized speech synthesizer. <o:p></o:p></span></p><ul type=disc><li class=MsoNormal style='color:#3B3B3B;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:20.25pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>After the patient recovered from the implantation surgery, the authors collected data for training and evaluating the system. They recorded his brain signals while he tried to speak during 84 sessions, each between 5 and 30 minutes, over 32 weeks. The sessions were split into two tasks: copying, in which the patient spoke sentences shown on a screen, and conversation, in which he spoke about whatever he wanted. Initial sessions focused on copying. Later, when the authors had accrued paired brain signals and known sentences, they focused on conversation.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoNormal style='color:#3B3B3B;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:20.25pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>A <a href="https://info.deeplearning.ai/e3t/Ctc/LX+113/cJhC404/VVsmGC4pHCpMW8G19Lw2f28pLW46ZLVZ5kht08MtGxlP3qgyTW6N1vHY6lZ3q2W7--0Kx3VD509W4ndtLc6B9xqyN1vwhTLPQ4sWW453yj-3q5cY4W4wf-G84cZMMhW4PC80C9kw_zTW4tSKJ655c7qmW70cTT19dBxvkW7X7w4t68gm-QW8bg9Qq3vR1tgW6QCtd959nRL_W9gJ0q_3HPCmvW4ncl5N1p7SGqW22KNL96svczCMXzN9D44byZMfSg7JzlqnvW2FJC0L1-_RyrW8JqrPw8wwlJYN44Djq9JSb8kW35Zqct18wc8gV6BwJz8PG38kW22WKGY3kg0kQf9dZ3CR04" target="_blank"><span style='color:#237B94'>gated recurrent unit</span></a> (GRU) learned to translate brain signals into a sequence of phonemes. The authors trained the model after each session on all recordings made during that session. To adapt it to day-to-day changes in brain activity, they also fine-tuned it during later sessions: After they recorded a new sentence, they fine-tuned the GRU on a 60/40 mix of sentences from the current session and previous sessions.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoNormal style='color:#3B3B3B;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:20.25pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>A weighted finite-state transducer (WFST), based on a pretrained 5-gram language model and described in the supplementary information <a href="https://info.deeplearning.ai/e3t/Ctc/LX+113/cJhC404/VVsmGC4pHCpMW8G19Lw2f28pLW46ZLVZ5kht08MtGxm43qgyTW7lCdLW6lZ3pPW2KdCtd1cZnZBVZcp0y8wRx9GW3CfRZH4xtV2sVyD8dK1Qv2dlW7qVhQm63Q38_W6WFy3T4v_znnW20_-LZ6wYsz3M62QVtR0-GnVPrSd97hF3XWW3R2Yhb99mg5kW36G9Z27Vd9wrW3WSG055hCQ5WW8ZW87-6CSD5DW3tT0y21LzYcjW8RPtYj2TKcGrW35Lnqk2LMFNTW4nlfVG7gvkSmN12N86fSKHX4W3hfTZ06c9TX5W7QdNqy3ZGPx8N7tsTKcZqGN-W8k0Kg76HRfWLW7DR7sh9525ccW1qWYl-4gmPNCf204KK404" target="_blank"><span style='color:#237B94'>here</span></a>), translated sequences of phonemes into sentences. Given a sequence, it generated the 100 most likely sentences. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoNormal style='color:#3B3B3B;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:20.25pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>Given the likely sentences, the authors ranked them according to the probability that the GRU, WFST, and <a href="https://info.deeplearning.ai/e3t/Ctc/LX+113/cJhC404/VVsmGC4pHCpMW8G19Lw2f28pLW46ZLVZ5kht08MtGxlP3qgyTW6N1vHY6lZ3pvW89nKCv1QQfdVW7Nh93q1TzRDmW8Fb_Fx8Y19L3W6q78Yd2WsrWPVLb6MH6jRfDqW7zQ5cJ1JgpMTW6LzfYL34NXg1N7QN7bQFRzC5W3D7qh04FP118Vt5fHY308kzqV_Glh21GSx5rW55swqg61_WhvW3mLvgV3LHLlBW6_8FRF69yFF9V3hnwT4xcmY1W5jQ-M818_4BFW1H22l_98xmfDW5Gdr7B2cT8XsN57f8rPDJ20hW1m6js-1tvPxbW3LQBpr7Yz3x-W48J7cr297Tz0f7F3T-804" target="_blank"><span style='color:#237B94'>OPT</span></a>, a pretrained large language model, would generate them. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoNormal style='color:#3B3B3B;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:20.25pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>A pretrained <a href="https://info.deeplearning.ai/e3t/Ctc/LX+113/cJhC404/VVsmGC4pHCpMW8G19Lw2f28pLW46ZLVZ5kht08MtGxlP3qgyTW6N1vHY6lZ3n-W8xZNlK5yWGYTN1nhjBPVpBBdW8HL3Mv4CjWCZW6TQ9Jp5tSM32W3Q6FdL3-Fr4hW8bsTcF2h2hQjW256wgp79x0fyW2fGSBx8_HlBfW8f3p2H29MqBYW12fBqD8g-K1gVkBv9123992fW4ZWylB11JRclW8PS69N2GlxLjN4GsG81c4nYBW6NqQ9n2Bj-mbW8bZV-p7cjyXkDL0-S9B7qGW8p4rfp3jqLqZN27_--7jJHs_W2TTXyp8zC3ztTGnlt1L_t5MW5s2VW63fWBk-f2vP5Nq04" target="_blank"><span style='color:#237B94'>StyleTTS 2</span></a> text-to-speech model turned the highest-ranking sentence into speech. The authors fine-tuned the model on recordings of the patient’s voice from before the onset of his illness, such as podcasts.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p style='margin:0in;line-height:20.25pt'><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B'>Results: </span></b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B'>After two hours of recording the patient’s brain signals and training on that data, the system achieved 90.2 percent accuracy in the copying task. By the final session, the system achieved 97.5 percent accuracy and enabled the patient to speak on average 31.6 words per minute using a vocabulary of 125,000 words.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='margin:0in;line-height:20.25pt'><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B'>Behind the news:</span></b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B'> Previous work either had much <a href="https://info.deeplearning.ai/e3t/Ctc/LX+113/cJhC404/VVsmGC4pHCpMW8G19Lw2f28pLW46ZLVZ5kht08MtGxmn3qgyTW7Y8-PT6lZ3mBN7YpgFTDKcCNW8wn50859qZwbW18NBhJ2k4m00TLFh72SSTK5W1fM0wH52q0kkW5-PSwz70k-_JW10_qm-3sSQtDW7mSW7N5fJ5tLW1NSZyb8gZbFWW5gRF0G9lbZ3WMN_nJQXvn3hN8yjzmz5WJt8VgrhBY2wNNn7W1SRrG-7DJF6MW6lfYM05fcVnWW1yvF3S4X5lnVN4KyNCDLLHzPW8bM1Qb54t_H7W7yBgMS1g8qr-W3QhVGp7q5pT6W4tw6535mN772N49jryhTN-jzW6Kw0tv50kXp9W3b5CDq6ssQ1vW32ndyJ2qmb--W2XNDg94gPlhBf3thnQ604" target="_blank"><span style='color:#237B94'>lower accuracy</span></a> or generated a <a href="https://info.deeplearning.ai/e3t/Ctc/LX+113/cJhC404/VVsmGC4pHCpMW8G19Lw2f28pLW46ZLVZ5kht08MtGxmn3qgyTW7Y8-PT6lZ3lZW4x5BXj4kn76fW9118F_9b6BRdW5MSfwd9dr0LzW5WGlkS2YYHGPW9hSlWx7szMvrW2fnl_z8409QvN1KvQYzCmnCKW3qNZzm3Vnht8W6tKpcj8YpCC8W6dp-6855RryJW1l3Kd45KpdkFW5ffVfm1PNnMxN5KXXtVrCSQrW81JMq_3KS-D8W3LdZF91YCyycW814GxB71SxTPW95zFFS6zVpNkW8YD3V47dVTByW8sq6Ns71SPtyN80QKtLnCWFHN5yhLQfQf-1LW6J02mX4VPzQ5W4C6lC-3ztT3QW3CFD0w6KWb1GW2Z2FnQ9l6_QCW3vXq394nJzfCf3RzGM-04" target="_blank"><span style='color:#237B94'>limited vocabulary</span></a>. The new work improved upon a 2023 <a href="https://info.deeplearning.ai/e3t/Ctc/LX+113/cJhC404/VVsmGC4pHCpMW8G19Lw2f28pLW46ZLVZ5kht08MtGxm43qgyTW7lCdLW6lZ3lmW6bFChs11QMFbW9hWf2f6lF9gDW18q9-C7y3B0nW1n-Tqn4Y1ZGcW77DMz42DC6mxW8my3B78-bqq7W2Z6dZX5dVwgZW6kMh4j3379gQW1nr0_L185lbbW7Gk0wv1Y0ZWsW8t48sV117xptN69hP9YX1P_TW3g0r4J4jNXKqW3s7kdD48J9B_W6wXqQ784LyQHW5X8NJT76vySmN53Gytpdq6vqW4K4J_y8BG5GdW6hMYBQ5B54y-W3lDz3b4WCVQ0W5M317-7npSSXW7N-Rn36VMJ3jW1Cl7fH1YTtTlV4M8724THXjYdkGV_z04" target="_blank"><span style='color:#237B94'>study</span></a> that enabled ALS patients to speak with 76.2 percent accuracy using a vocabulary of equal size. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='margin:0in;line-height:20.25pt'><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B'>Why it matters:</span></b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B'> Relative to the 2023 study on which this one was based, the authors changed the positions of the electrodes in the brain and continued to update the GRU throughout the recording/training sessions. It’s unclear which changes contributed most to the improved outcome. As language models improve, new models potentially could act as drop-in replacements for the models in the authors’ system, further improving accuracy. Likewise, improvements in speech-to-text systems could increase the similarity between the synthetic voice and the patient’s former voice. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'>-Conor<o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><div id="m_-6488956134117240890yiv4901304936yqtfd07919"><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><br><br><o:p></o:p></span></p><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'>On Aug 28, 2024, at 1:03 AM, Robert Primak via LCTG <<a href="mailto:lctg@lists.toku.us" target="_blank">lctg@lists.toku.us</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p></blockquote></div></div><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><div id="m_-6488956134117240890yiv4901304936yqtfd45144"><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#26282A'></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#440062'>So the question in my mind is whether this research, to the extent discussed, is valid</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#26282A'>Yes, that is the question. And this question awaits someone else trying to confirm the results. But with both the programming and the training methods cloaked in "black box" secrecy, there are important considerations which no one will ever be allowed to investigate. Anyway, that's the way this sort of research is usually handled. </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#26282A'>-- Bob Primak </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></div><div id="m_-6488956134117240890yiv4901304936yahoo_quoted_5545012712"><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'>On Tuesday, August 27, 2024 at 06:42:40 PM EDT, John P. Rudy <<a href="mailto:jjrudy1@comcast.net" target="_blank">jjrudy1@comcast.net</a>> wrote: <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><div id="m_-6488956134117240890yiv4901304936"><div><div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#26282A'>But if there is a specific disabled person and something directly related to that person works to 50% that would be fantastic. So the question in my mind is whether this research, to the extent discussed, is valid</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#26282A'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p><div id="m_-6488956134117240890yiv4901304936yqt98375"><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#26282A'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#26282A'> Robert Primak <<a href="mailto:bobprimak@yahoo.com" target="_blank">bobprimak@yahoo.com</a>> <br><b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, August 27, 2024 6:29 PM<br><b>To:</b> 'Harry Forsdick' <<a href="mailto:harry@forsdick.com" target="_blank">harry@forsdick.com</a>>; John P. Rudy <<a href="mailto:jjrudy1@comcast.net" target="_blank">jjrudy1@comcast.net</a>><br><b>Cc:</b> <a href="mailto:lctg@lists.toku.us" target="_blank">lctg@lists.toku.us</a><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lex Computer & Tech Group/LCTG] Prompt Engineering</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#440062'>to the extent that the activity of the brain can be “read”</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#26282A'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#26282A'>Therein lies the problem with the scans which the research in the video used. These scans are not detailed enough to reveal specific thoughts. Probes are being developed which have much finer resolutions, so maybe there are signals specific enough to get realistic results. But the research being reported in the video makes claims beyond the scope of what could possibly have been measured. This leaves me very skeptical.</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#26282A'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#440062'>Let’s see what comes out of research labs that is reproducible</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#26282A'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#26282A'>Yes, let's do that. The research reported in the video is said by the researchers to require extensive training on specific individuals, and is only reproducible for those individuals, with a success rate of not better than 65% (per Blumenstein-- Tang hedges on his success rates)</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#440062'>. </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#26282A'>That to me is not very impressive for general use applications. </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#26282A'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#26282A'>-- Bob Primak</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#26282A'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><div id="m_-6488956134117240890yiv4901304936yahoo_quoted_5059929162"><div><div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#26282A'>On Tuesday, August 27, 2024 at 11:44:25 AM EDT, John P. Rudy <<a href="mailto:jjrudy1@comcast.net" target="_blank">jjrudy1@comcast.net</a>> wrote: </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#26282A'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#26282A'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><div id="m_-6488956134117240890yiv4901304936"><div><div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#26282A'>Regardless of where the field is today, it seems logical that to the extent that the activity of the brain can be “read” that eventually it will be understood. Presumably this will occur slowly but eventually happen. Who would have believed that “thoughts” can cause an artificial limb to move?</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#26282A'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#26282A'>Whether AI can somehow aid in the understanding of a large amount of brain data is beyond my understanding, but I’d opt for information from trusted sources, not, say, facebook Let’s see what comes out of research labs that is reproducible</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#26282A'>John</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><div id="m_-6488956134117240890yiv4901304936yqtfd36548"><p><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#26282A'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#26282A'> LCTG <<a href="mailto:lctg-bounces+jjrudy1=comcast.net@lists.toku.us" target="_blank">lctg-bounces+jjrudy1=comcast.net@lists.toku.us</a>> <b>On Behalf Of </b>Harry Forsdick via LCTG<br><b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, August 27, 2024 9:40 AM<br><b>To:</b> Robert Primak <<a href="mailto:bobprimak@yahoo.com" target="_blank">bobprimak@yahoo.com</a>><br><b>Cc:</b> <a href="mailto:lctg@lists.toku.us" target="_blank">lctg@lists.toku.us</a><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lex Computer & Tech Group/LCTG] Prompt Engineering</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><div id="m_-6488956134117240890yiv4901304936yqtfd70470"><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#26282A'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div><p><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'>Bob,</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'>You are right: I agree with your concern with equating Large Language Models (LLMs) with Artificial Intelligence (AI). Doing so succumbs to the hype of Wall Street.</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'>Unfortunately to the uninformed, introducing this TLA into the conversation makes the impressive results of LLMs even more mysterious and just for techies.</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'>-- Harry</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#26282A'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#26282A'>On Mon, Aug 26, 2024 at 1:58</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#26282A'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#26282A'>PM Robert Primak <<a href="mailto:bobprimak@yahoo.com" target="_blank">bobprimak@yahoo.com</a>> wrote:</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><div><div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"New serif",serif;color:#26282A'>Very good finds, Harry.</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"New serif",serif;color:#26282A'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"New serif",serif;color:#26282A'>Within the context of reading people's thoughts, a lot of what prompt engineering can and cannot do depends on the size of the data set it is trained on, and the variety of test subjects from whom the training data is collected. Too small a sample size in either regard, and there is a real chance of researcher bias (conscious or unconscious) entering into the picture and affecting the output from the LLM.</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"New serif",serif;color:#26282A'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"New serif",serif;color:#26282A'>I do not equate LLMs with AI, so I restrict my terms to what we are talking about -- LLMS only, not more general AI. </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"New serif",serif;color:#26282A'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"New serif",serif;color:#26282A'>-- Bob Primak </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"New serif",serif;color:#26282A'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"New serif",serif;color:#26282A'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><div id="m_-6488956134117240890yiv4901304936m_-5547233619257840405yahoo_quoted_4749393284"><div><div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"New serif",serif;color:#26282A'>On Monday, August 26, 2024 at 11:35:42 AM EDT, Harry Forsdick via LCTG <<a href="mailto:lctg@lists.toku.us" target="_blank">lctg@lists.toku.us</a>> wrote: </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"New serif",serif;color:#26282A'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"New serif",serif;color:#26282A'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><div id="m_-6488956134117240890yiv4901304936m_-5547233619257840405yiv9973594549"><div><div><div><p><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'>Folks,</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'>Remember when </span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'>Conor O'Mahony</span><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'> gave his three excellent talks about AI / ML systems? [see <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fj8FcfD_e-NEi20O3AL_8fg45DdB136fvyCNl7V2gaM/edit?usp=sharing" target="_blank">https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fj8FcfD_e-NEi20O3AL_8fg45DdB136fvyCNl7V2gaM/edit?usp=sharing</a>] </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'>One of the topics he talked about was "prompt engineering".</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'>I interpreted what was said about prompt engineering to refer to the kinds of things we all did with plain old Google to get it to return the kind of results we were after. </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'>I recently asked <a href="https://perplexity.ai" target="_blank">https://perplexity.ai </a>the question "<b>What does "prompt engineering" mean in the context of AI search systems?</b>". I learned that my interpretation was only partially correct. Instead of being just things an end-user does, prompt engineering is also something that a developer of an AI question/answering system must do to take the query submitted by end-users, and add additional controls to get the AI answer engine to return a reasonable, readable answer.</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'>One of the references in this response, <a href="https://mitsloanedtech.mit.edu/ai/basics/effective-prompts/" target="_blank">https://mitsloanedtech.mit.edu/ai/basics/effective-prompts/</a>, discusses what an end user should learn to do. It basically says that this is like learning how to ask questions of an expert who knows a lot about the subject of your query: you can steer the answer to the one you are after if you just ask the question correctly. To quote from the above reference:</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><blockquote style='margin-left:30.0pt;margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><div><p><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>Prompts are your input into the AI system to obtain specific results. In other words, prompts are conversation starters: what and how you tell something to the AI for it to respond in a way that generates useful responses for you. After that, you can build a continuing prompt, and the AI will produce another response accordingly. It’s like having a conversation with another person, only in this case the conversation is text-based, and your interlocutor is AI.</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></blockquote><div><div><p><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'>Below is the answer I got back from Perplexity. If you want to dig deeper than the Perplexity answer, there are references to source material used in the response.</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'>Regards,</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'>-- Harry</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'>What does "prompt engineering" mean in the context of AI search systems?</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'>Prompt engineering is a crucial process in the context of AI search systems, particularly for large language models (LLMs) and generative AI tools. It involves crafting well-structured and effective input queries or instructions to guide AI models in producing desired outputs or responses[1].</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'><br><b>Definition and Purpose</b><br>Prompt engineering refers to the art and science of designing and optimizing prompts to elicit specific behaviors from AI models[4]. Its primary goal is to bridge the gap between human intention and machine understanding, enabling AI systems to generate accurate, relevant, and contextually appropriate responses[2].<br><br><b>Components of Effective Prompts</b><br><br>1. <b>Instruction</b>: Prompts often require specific and clear requests to receive the desired output[3].<br><br>2. <b>Context</b>: Providing relevant background information helps the AI model understand the task better[3].<br><br>3. <b>Input Data</b>: This includes any necessary information for the AI to process and generate a response[3].<br><br>4. <b>Output Format</b>: Specifying the desired format of the response can improve the accuracy and relevance of the AI's output[3].<br><br><b>Role of Prompt Engineers</b><br>AI prompt engineers serve as intermediaries between machine learning models and human users[3]. Their responsibilities include:<br><br>1. Developing sets of inputs to train models for optimal outputs<br>2. Writing text-based prompts for various tasks (e.g., essay writing, blog post generation)<br>3. Evaluating AI systems for idiosyncrasies<br>4. Training and fine-tuning emerging AI tools<br><br></span><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'>What does "prompt engineering" mean in the context of AI search systems?</span></b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B5394'><br>Prompt engineering plays a vital role in AI search systems by:<br><br>1. <b>Improving Accuracy</b>: Well-crafted prompts lead to more precise and relevant responses from AI models[4].<br>2. <b>Enhancing User Experience</b>: Clear and concise prompts make it easier for users to interact effectively with AI models[4].<br>3. <b>Mitigating Biases</b>: Careful prompt design helps minimize the risk of generating inappropriate or biased content[4].<br>4. <b>Ensuring Consistency</b>: Proper prompting techniques enable more predictable and reliable AI responses[4].<br><br><b>Skills Required for Prompt Engineering</b><br>To excel in prompt engineering, professionals should possess:<br><br>1. Understanding of AI, ML, and Natural Language Processing (NLP)<br>2. Programming skills, particularly in Python<br>3. Strong communication skills<br>4. Knowledge of cognitive psychology and linguistics<br>5. Experience with pre-trained AI models like GPT-3 or GPT-4[3]<br><br>In conclusion, prompt engineering is a critical aspect of AI search systems, focusing on optimizing the interaction between humans and AI models to produce high-quality, relevant, and accurate responses.<br><br>Citations:<br>[1] <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prompt_engineering" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prompt_engineering</a><br>[2] <a href="https://www.datastax.com/guides/what-is-prompt-engineering" target="_blank">https://www.datastax.com/guides/what-is-prompt-engineering</a><br>[3] <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/AI-prompt-engineer" target="_blank">https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/AI-prompt-engineer</a><br>[4] <a href="https://cloud.google.com/discover/what-is-prompt-engineering" target="_blank">https://cloud.google.com/discover/what-is-prompt-engineering</a><br>[5] <a href="https://www.ibm.com/topics/prompt-engineering" target="_blank">https://www.ibm.com/topics/prompt-engineering</a><br>[6] <a href="https://www.akooda.co/blog/what-is-prompt-engineering" target="_blank">https://www.akooda.co/blog/what-is-prompt-engineering</a><br>[7] <a href="https://researchguides.mvc.edu/ai/prompts" target="_blank">https://researchguides.mvc.edu/ai/prompts</a><br>[8] <a href="https://mitsloanedtech.mit.edu/ai/basics/effective-prompts/" target="_blank">https://mitsloanedtech.mit.edu/ai/basics/effective-prompts/</a></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><p style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"New serif",serif;color:#26282A'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=5 cellpadding=0 style='background:#EEEEEE'><tr><td width=306 valign=top style='width:229.5pt;padding:1.9pt 1.9pt 1.9pt 1.9pt'><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'><a href="http://www.forsdick.com/resume/" target="_blank"><span style='color:#1155CC'>Harry Forsdick</span></a><br><a href="http://lexingtonphotoscan.com/" target="_blank"><span style='color:#1155CC'>Lexington Photo Scanning</span></a><br><a href="http://lexingtontmma.org/" target="_blank"><span style='color:#1155CC'>Town Meeting Member Precinct 7</span></a><br><a href="https://mail.google.com/mail/?view=cm&fs=1&tf=1&to=harry@forsdick.com" target="_blank"><span style='color:#1155CC'>harry@forsdick.com</span></a><br><a href="http://www.forsdick.com/" target="_blank"><span style='color:#1155CC'>www.forsdick.com</span></a></span><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=15 style='width:11.25pt;padding:1.9pt 1.9pt 1.9pt 1.9pt'><p><span style='font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'> </span><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=179 valign=top style='width:134.25pt;padding:1.9pt 1.9pt 1.9pt 1.9pt'><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'><a href="https://goo.gl/xZXT2F" target="_blank"><span style='color:#1155CC'>46 Burlington St.<br>Lexington, MA 02420</span></a><br><a href="callto:17817996002" target="_blank"><span style='color:#1155CC'>(781) 799-6002 (mobile)</span></a><br><br><a href="http://forsdick.weebly.com/home/my-websites" target="_blank"><span style='color:#1155CC'>Click</span></a> to see my websites</span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></table><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"New serif",serif;color:#26282A'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p><table class=MsoNormalTable border=1 cellspacing=5 cellpadding=0 width=552 style='width:5.75in;background:#EEEEEE;border:solid black 1.0pt'><tr><td width=532 valign=top style='width:399.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;padding:1.9pt 1.9pt 1.9pt 1.9pt'><p align=center style='text-align:center'><strong><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1155CC'>Lafayette Returns</span></strong><span style='font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'><br></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1155CC'>200th Anniversary Reenactment</span><span style='font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'><br></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:red'>----></span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1155CC'> September 2, 2024 (Labor Day) 1pm-2pm </span><o:p></o:p></p><p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1155CC'>Lexington Battle Green</span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr><td width=532 valign=top style='width:399.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;padding:1.9pt 1.9pt 1.9pt 1.9pt'><p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'><img border=0 width=255 height=258 style='width:2.651in;height:2.6875in' id="_x0000_i1025" src="https://forsdick.com/0MyImages/LafayetteReturns.png"></span><o:p></o:p></p><p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1155CC'><br>Procession, Lafayette Reenactor, Minute Men, School Children, Bell Ringing,</span><o:p></o:p></p><p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1155CC'>Period Costumes, </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI Emoji",sans-serif;color:#1155CC'>🔥</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1155CC'> Cannon Fire </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI Emoji",sans-serif;color:#1155CC'>🔥</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1155CC'>, and ... cookies shaped like Lafayette</span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></table></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"New serif",serif;color:#26282A'>===============================================<br>::The Lexington Computer and Technology Group Mailing List::<br>Reply goes to sender only; Reply All to send to list.<br>Send to the list: <a href="mailto:LCTG@lists.toku.us" target="_blank">LCTG@lists.toku.us</a> Message archives: <a href="http://lists.toku.us/pipermail/lctg-toku.us/" target="_blank">http://lists.toku.us/pipermail/lctg-toku.us/</a><br>To subscribe: email <a href="mailto:lctg-subscribe@toku.us" target="_blank">lctg-subscribe@toku.us</a> To unsubscribe: email <a href="mailto:lctg-unsubscribe@toku.us" target="_blank">lctg-unsubscribe@toku.us</a><br>Future 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