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<div dir="ltr" data-setdir="false" style=""><font size="3">Thank you for the more in-depth explanation, Ted.</font></div><div dir="ltr" data-setdir="false" style=""><font size="3"><br></font></div><div dir="ltr" data-setdir="false" style=""><font size="3">-- Bob Primak </font></div><div dir="ltr" data-setdir="false" style="font-size: 13px;"><br></div><div style="font-size: 13px;"><br></div>
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On Wednesday, October 9, 2024 at 12:41:50 PM EDT, Ted Kochanski <tedpkphd@gmail.com> wrote:
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<div><div id="yiv2918776254"><div><div dir="ltr">All,<div><br clear="none"></div><div> While Wikipedia can be criticized for many things it often provides a nice [if over simplified] summary of a complex field -- the reader is of course encouraged to pursue the typically large number of references for more</div><div><br clear="none"></div><div>Here's a couple of quotes from the <font size="4">Wikipedia on Emergence</font></div><div><br clear="none"></div><div><p style="margin:0.5em 0px 1em;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px;">In <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">philosophy</a>, <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">systems theory</a>, <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" title="Science" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">science</a>, and <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art" title="Art" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">art</a>, <b>emergence</b> occurs when a complex entity has properties or behaviors that its parts do not have on their own, and emerge only when they interact in a wider whole.</p><p style="margin:0.5em 0px 1em;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px;">Emergence plays a central role in theories of <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrative_level" title="Integrative level" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">integrative levels</a> and of <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_system" title="Complex system" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">complex systems</a>. For instance, the phenomenon of <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" title="Life" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">life</a> as studied in <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">biology</a> is an emergent property of <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">chemistry</a> and <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" title="Physics" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">physics</a>...</p></div><div><div style="font-weight:bold;margin:0.25em 0px;padding-top:0.5em;padding-bottom:0px;font-size:1.2em;line-height:1.6;font-family:sans-serif;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-heading yiv2918776254gmail-mw-heading3"><h3 id="yiv2918776254gmail-Definitions" style="color:inherit;margin:0px 0px 0.25em;padding:0px;display:inline;font-size:inherit;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:1.6;font-family:inherit;font-size-adjust:inherit;">Definitions</h3><span style="font-size:small;font-weight:normal;margin-left:1em;margin-right:0px;vertical-align:baseline;line-height:0;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-editsection"><span style="margin-right:0.25em;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emergence&action=edit§ion=2" title="Edit section: Definitions" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">edit</a><span style="margin-left:0.25em;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p style="margin:0.5em 0px 1em;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px;">This concept of emergence dates from at least the time of <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">Aristotle</a>.<sup id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_ref-Meta_3-0" style="line-height:1;font-size:12.8px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-Meta-3" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">[</span>3<span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The many scientists and philosophers<sup id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_ref-4" style="line-height:1;font-size:12.8px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">[</span>4<span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who have written on the concept include <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">John Stuart Mill</a> (<i><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_of_Causes" title="Composition of Causes" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-redirect">Composition of Causes</a></i>, 1843)<sup id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_ref-5" style="line-height:1;font-size:12.8px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">[</span>5<span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">Julian Huxley</a><sup id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_ref-6" style="line-height:1;font-size:12.8px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">[</span>6<span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1887–1975).</p><p style="margin:0.5em 0px 1em;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px;">The philosopher <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Henry_Lewes" title="George Henry Lewes" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">G. H. Lewes</a> coined the term "emergent" in 1875, distinguishing it from the merely "resultant":</p><blockquote style="overflow:hidden;padding:8px 32px;border-left:none;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px;"><p style="margin:0px;">Every resultant is either a sum or a difference of the co-operant forces; their sum, when their directions are the same – their difference, when their directions are contrary. Further, every resultant is clearly traceable in its components, because these are <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneous" title="Homogeneous" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-redirect">homogeneous</a> and <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commensurability_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Commensurability (philosophy of science)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">commensurable</a>. It is otherwise with emergents, when, instead of adding measurable motion to measurable motion, or things of one kind to other individuals of their kind, there is a co-operation of things of unlike kinds. The emergent is unlike its components insofar as these are incommensurable, and it cannot be reduced to their sum or their difference...<sup id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_ref-7" style="line-height:1;font-size:12.8px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">[</span>7<span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlitz1992_8-0" style="line-height:1;font-size:12.8px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlitz1992-8" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">[</span>8<span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></div><div><div style="font-weight:bold;margin:0.25em 0px;padding-top:0.5em;padding-bottom:0px;font-size:1.2em;line-height:1.6;font-family:sans-serif;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-heading yiv2918776254gmail-mw-heading3"><h3 id="yiv2918776254gmail-Strong_and_weak_emergence" style="color:inherit;margin:0px 0px 0.25em;padding:0px;display:inline;font-size:inherit;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:1.6;font-family:inherit;font-size-adjust:inherit;">Strong and weak emergence</h3><span style="font-size:small;font-weight:normal;margin-left:1em;margin-right:0px;vertical-align:baseline;line-height:0;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-editsection"><span style="margin-right:0.25em;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emergence&action=edit§ion=3" title="Edit section: Strong and weak emergence" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">edit</a><span style="margin-left:0.25em;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div style="font-style:italic;padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-hatnote yiv2918776254gmail-navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergent_materialism" title="Emergent materialism" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">Emergent materialism</a> and <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductive_materialism" title="Reductive materialism" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-redirect">Reductive materialism</a></div><p style="margin:0.5em 0px 1em;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px;">Usage of the notion "emergence" may generally be subdivided into two perspectives, that of "weak emergence" and "strong emergence". One paper discussing this division is <i>Weak Emergence</i>, by philosopher <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Bedau" title="Mark Bedau" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">Mark Bedau</a>. In terms of physical systems, weak emergence is a type of emergence in which the emergent property is amenable to computer simulation or similar forms of after-the-fact analysis (for example, the formation of a traffic jam, the structure of a flock of starlings in flight or a school of fish, or the formation of galaxies). Crucial in these simulations is that the interacting members retain their independence. If not, a new entity is formed with new, emergent properties: this is called strong emergence, which it is argued cannot be simulated, analysed or reduced...<sup style="line-height:1;font-size:12.8px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-noprint yiv2918776254gmail-Inline-Template yiv2918776254gmail-Template-Fact">[<i><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><div style="font-weight:bold;margin:0.25em 0px;padding-top:0.5em;padding-bottom:0px;font-size:1.2em;line-height:1.6;font-family:sans-serif;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-heading yiv2918776254gmail-mw-heading3"><h3 id="yiv2918776254gmail-Objective_or_subjective_quality" style="color:inherit;margin:0px 0px 0.25em;padding:0px;display:inline;font-size:inherit;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:1.6;font-family:inherit;font-size-adjust:inherit;">Objective or subjective quality</h3><span style="font-size:small;font-weight:normal;margin-left:1em;margin-right:0px;vertical-align:baseline;line-height:0;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-editsection"><span style="margin-right:0.25em;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emergence&action=edit§ion=5" title="Edit section: Objective or subjective quality" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">edit</a><span style="margin-left:0.25em;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p style="margin:0.5em 0px 1em;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px;">Crutchfield regards the properties of complexity and organization of any system as <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjectivity" title="Subjectivity" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-redirect">subjective</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">qualities</a> determined by the observer.</p><blockquote style="overflow:hidden;padding:8px 32px;border-left:none;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px;"><p style="margin:0px;">Defining structure and detecting the emergence of complexity in nature are inherently subjective, though essential, scientific activities. Despite the difficulties, these problems can be analysed in terms of how model-building observers infer from measurements the computational capabilities embedded in non-linear processes. An observer's notion of what is ordered, what is random, and what is complex in its environment depends directly on its computational resources: the amount of raw measurement data, of memory, and of time available for estimation and inference. The discovery of structure in an environment depends more critically and subtly, though, on how those resources are organized. The descriptive power of the observer's chosen (or implicit) computational model class, for example, can be an overwhelming determinant in finding regularity in data.<sup id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_ref-14" style="line-height:1;font-size:12.8px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">[</span>14<span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p style="margin:0.5em 0px 1em;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px;">The low <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">entropy</a> of an ordered system can be viewed as an example of subjective emergence: the observer sees an ordered system by ignoring the underlying microstructure (i.e. movement of molecules or elementary particles) and concludes that the system has a low entropy.<sup id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_ref-15" style="line-height:1;font-size:12.8px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">[</span>15<span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, chaotic, unpredictable behaviour can also be seen as subjective emergent, while at a microscopic scale the movement of the constituent parts can be fully deterministic.</p><div style="margin:0.25em 0px;padding-top:0.5em;padding-bottom:0.17em;font-size:1.5em;font-family:Georgia, Times, Serif serif;line-height:1.375;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-heading yiv2918776254gmail-mw-heading2"><h2 id="yiv2918776254gmail-In_science" style="color:inherit;font-weight:inherit;margin:0px 0px 0.25em;padding:0px;display:inline;border:0px;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:1.375;font-size-adjust:inherit;">In science</h2><span style="font-size:small;margin-left:1em;margin-right:0px;vertical-align:baseline;line-height:0;font-family:sans-serif;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-editsection"><span style="margin-right:0.25em;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emergence&action=edit§ion=6" title="Edit section: In science" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">edit</a><span style="margin-left:0.25em;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p style="margin:0.5em 0px 1em;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px;">In <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" title="Physics" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">physics</a>, emergence is used to describe a property, law, or phenomenon which occurs at macroscopic scales (in space or time) but not at microscopic scales, despite the fact that a macroscopic system can be viewed as a very large ensemble of microscopic systems.<sup id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_ref-16" style="line-height:1;font-size:12.8px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">[</span>16<span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_ref-17" style="line-height:1;font-size:12.8px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">[</span>17<span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote style="overflow:hidden;padding:8px 32px;border-left:none;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px;"><p style="margin:0px;">An emergent behavior of a physical system is a qualitative property that can only occur in the limit that the number of microscopic constituents tends to infinity.<sup id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_ref-18" style="line-height:1;font-size:12.8px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">[</span>18<span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p style="margin:0.5em 0px 1em;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px;"><sup style="line-height:1;font-size:12.8px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-noprint yiv2918776254gmail-Inline-Template yiv2918776254gmail-Template-Fact"></sup></p><p style="margin:0.5em 0px 1em;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px;">According to <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Laughlin" title="Robert Laughlin" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-redirect">Robert Laughlin</a>,<sup id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaughlin2005_11-1" style="line-height:1;font-size:12.8px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaughlin2005-11" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">[</span>11<span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for many-particle systems, nothing can be calculated exactly from the microscopic equations, and macroscopic systems are characterised by broken symmetry: the symmetry present in the microscopic equations is not present in the macroscopic system, due to phase transitions. As a result, these macroscopic systems are described in their own terminology, and have properties that do not depend on many microscopic details...</p><p style="margin:0.5em 0px 1em;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px;">Theoretical physicist PW Anderson states it this way:</p><blockquote style="overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0px;padding:0px 32px;border-left:none;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-templatequote"><p style="margin:0px;">The ability to reduce everything to simple fundamental laws does not imply the ability to start from those laws and reconstruct the universe. The constructionist hypothesis breaks down when confronted with the twin difficulties of scale and complexity. At each level of complexity entirely new properties appear. Psychology is not applied biology, nor is biology applied chemistry. We can now see that the whole becomes not merely more, but very different from the sum of its parts.<sup id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1972_20-0" style="line-height:1;font-size:12.8px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1972-20" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">[</span>20<span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p style="margin:0.5em 0px 1em;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px;">Meanwhile, others have worked towards developing analytical evidence of strong emergence. <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renormalization_group" title="Renormalization group" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">Renormalization</a> methods in theoretical physics enable physicists to study critical phenomena that are not tractable as the combination of their parts.<sup id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_ref-21" style="line-height:1;font-size:12.8px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-21" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">[</span>21<span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, Gu <i>et al.</i> presented a class of infinite physical systems that exhibits non-computable macroscopic properties.<sup id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_ref-morereally_22-0" style="line-height:1;font-size:12.8px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-morereally-22" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">[</span>22<span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_ref-binder_23-0" style="line-height:1;font-size:12.8px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-binder-23" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">[</span>23<span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More precisely, if one could compute certain macroscopic properties of these systems from the microscopic description of these systems, then one would be able to solve computational problems known to be undecidable in computer science. These results concern infinite systems, finite systems being considered computable. However, macroscopic concepts which only apply in the limit of infinite systems, such as <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">phase transitions</a> and the <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renormalization_group" title="Renormalization group" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">renormalization group</a>, are important for understanding and modeling real, finite physical systems. Gu <i>et al.</i> concluded that</p><blockquote style="overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0px;padding:0px 32px;border-left:none;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-templatequote"><p style="margin:0px;">Although macroscopic concepts are essential for understanding our world, much of fundamental physics has been devoted to the search for a 'theory of everything', a set of equations that perfectly describe the behavior of all fundamental particles. The view that this is the goal of science rests in part on the rationale that such a theory would allow us to derive the behavior of all macroscopic concepts, at least in principle. The evidence we have presented suggests that this view may be overly optimistic. A 'theory of everything' is one of many components necessary for complete understanding of the universe, but is not necessarily the only one. The development of macroscopic laws from first principles may involve more than just systematic logic, and could require conjectures suggested by experiments, simulations or insight.<sup id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_ref-morereally_22-1" style="line-height:1;font-size:12.8px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-morereally-22" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">[</span>22<span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></div><div><img src="cid:fu1Fmd849Eqr7P38HGTh" yahoo_partid="2" alt="image.png" width="369" height="472"><br clear="none"></div><div><span style="color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.144px;background-color:rgb(248,249,250);">The formation of complex symmetrical and </span><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.144px;">fractal</a><span style="color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.144px;background-color:rgb(248,249,250);"> </span><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.144px;">patterns</a><span style="color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.144px;background-color:rgb(248,249,250);"> in </span><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowflake" title="Snowflake" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.144px;">snowflakes</a><span style="color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.144px;background-color:rgb(248,249,250);"> exemplifies emergence in a physical system.</span><br clear="none"></div><div><br clear="none"></div><div><br clear="none"></div><div><br clear="none"></div><div>Ted</div><div><br clear="none"></div><div><div style="margin:0.25em 0px;padding-top:0.5em;padding-bottom:0.17em;font-size:1.5em;font-family:Georgia, Times, Serif serif;line-height:1.375;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-heading yiv2918776254gmail-mw-heading2"><h2 id="yiv2918776254gmail-References" style="color:inherit;font-weight:inherit;margin:0px 0px 0.25em;padding:0px;display:inline;border:0px;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:1.375;font-size-adjust:inherit;">References</h2><span style="font-size:small;margin-left:1em;margin-right:0px;vertical-align:baseline;line-height:0;font-family:sans-serif;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-editsection"><span style="margin-right:0.25em;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emergence&action=edit§ion=11" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">edit</a><span style="margin-left:0.25em;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal;font-size:14.4px;margin-top:0.3em;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-reflist yiv2918776254gmail-reflist-columns yiv2918776254gmail-references-column-width"><ol style="margin:0px 0px 0px 3.2em;padding:0px;list-style-type:inherit;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-references"><li id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_note-Wong-1" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-cite-backlink"><b><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-Wong_1-0" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">^</a></b></span> <span class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference-text"><cite style="font-style:inherit;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-citation yiv2918776254encyclopaedia yiv2918776254gmail-cs1">O'Connor, Timothy; Wong, Hong Yu (February 28, 2012). <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2012/entries/properties-emergent/" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:100% no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em;" class="yiv2918776254external yiv2918776254gmail-text">"Emergent Properties"</a>. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2012 Edition)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emergent+Properties&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy+%28Spring+2012+Edition%29&rft.date=2012-02-28&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+Timothy&rft.au=Wong%2C+Hong+Yu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2012%2Fentries%2Fproperties-emergent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="yiv2918776254gmail-Z3988"></span></span></li><li id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-cite-backlink"><b><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-2" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">^</a></b></span> <span class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference-text"><cite id="yiv2918776254gmail-CITEREFHartmann2013" style="font-style:inherit;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-citation yiv2918776254gmail-book yiv2918776254gmail-cs1">Hartmann, Nicolai (2013). <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110246681" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:100% no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em;" class="yiv2918776254external yiv2918776254gmail-text"><i>Possibility and actuality</i></a>. Translated by Adair, Stephanie and Scott, Alex. Walter De Gruyter. p. 223. <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-redirect">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110246681" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:100% no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em;" class="yiv2918776254external yiv2918776254gmail-text">10.1515/9783110246681</a>. <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-redirect">ISBN</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110246681" title="Special:BookSources/9783110246681" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">9783110246681</a>. <q style="">The higher nexus is, in many of its structural elements, dependent on the lower, but is autonomous in its particular nature (its categorial <i>novum</i>). The chain of conditions of a real thing in the higher stratum contains an ample number of components from the lower strata; but they are only partial aspects of it, and therefore do not make its real possibility complete; they make it, in fact, neither necessary nor actual. The chain becomes complete only through the addition of real components of its own stratum. But these are under a categorially different kind of determination. Structurally, they belong to the higher real nexus itself, and are not found outside of it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Possibility+and+actuality&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Walter+De+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110246681&rft.isbn=9783110246681&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Nicolai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%2F9783110246681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="yiv2918776254gmail-Z3988"></span></span></li><li id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_note-Meta-3" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-cite-backlink"><b><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-Meta_3-0" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">^</a></b></span> <span class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference-text">Aristotle, <i><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">Metaphysics (Aristotle)</a></i>, Book VIII (Eta) 1045a 8–10: "... the totality is not, as it were, a mere heap, but the whole is something besides the parts ...", i.e., the whole is other than the sum of the parts.</span></li><li id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-cite-backlink"><b><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-4" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">^</a></b></span> <span class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference-text"><cite id="yiv2918776254gmail-CITEREFWinningBechtel2019" style="font-style:inherit;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-citation yiv2918776254gmail-book yiv2918776254gmail-cs1">Winning, Jason; <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bechtel" title="William Bechtel" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">Bechtel, William</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/WINBEV" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:100% no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em;" class="yiv2918776254external yiv2918776254gmail-text">"Being emergence vs. pattern emergence: complexity, control, and goal-directedness in biological systems"</a>. In Gibb, Sophie; Hendry, Robin Findlay; Lancaster, Tom (eds.). <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Tz3DwAAQBAJ" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:100% no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em;" class="yiv2918776254external yiv2918776254gmail-text"><i>The Routledge Handbook of Emergence</i></a>. Routledge Handbooks in Philosophy. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 134. <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-redirect">ISBN</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317381501" title="Special:BookSources/9781317381501" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">9781317381501</a><span class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-nowrap">25 October</span> 2020</span>. <q style="">Emergence is much discussed by both philosophers and scientists.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Being+emergence+vs.+pattern+emergence%3A+complexity%2C+control%2C+and+goal-directedness+in+biological+systems&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Emergence&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.series=Routledge+Handbooks+in+Philosophy&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781317381501&rft.aulast=Winning&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Bechtel%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FWINBEV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="yiv2918776254gmail-Z3988"></span></span></li><li id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-cite-backlink"><b><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-5" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">^</a></b></span> <span class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference-text">"The chemical combination of two substances produces, as is well known, a third substance with properties entirely different from those of either of the two substances separately, or of both of them taken together."</span></li><li id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-cite-backlink"><b><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-6" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">^</a></b></span> <span class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference-text">Julian Huxley: "now and again there is a sudden rapid passage to a totally new and more comprehensive type of order or organization, with quite new emergent properties, and involving quite new methods of further evolution" (<a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#CITEREFHuxleyHuxley1947" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">Huxley & Huxley 1947</a>, p. 120)</span></li><li id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-cite-backlink"><b><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-7" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">^</a></b></span> <span class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference-text"><cite id="yiv2918776254gmail-CITEREFLewes1875" style="font-style:inherit;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-citation yiv2918776254gmail-book yiv2918776254gmail-cs1"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Henry_Lewes" title="George Henry Lewes" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">Lewes, George Henry</a> (1875). <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0J8RAAAAYAAJ" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:100% no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em;" class="yiv2918776254external yiv2918776254gmail-text"><i>Problems of Life and Mind</i></a>. First Series: The Foundations of a Creed. Vol. 2. Boston: Osgood. p. 369<span class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-nowrap">24 Mar</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Problems+of+Life+and+Mind&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=First+Series%3A+The+Foundations+of+a+Creed&rft.pages=369&rft.pub=Osgood&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Lewes&rft.aufirst=George+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0J8RAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="yiv2918776254gmail-Z3988"></span></span></li><li id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlitz1992-8" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-cite-backlink"><b><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlitz1992_8-0" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">^</a></b></span> <span class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference-text"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#CITEREFBlitz1992" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">Blitz 1992</a>.</span></li><li id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_note-9" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-cite-backlink"><b><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-9" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">^</a></b></span> <span class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference-text">Chalmers, David J. (2002). "Strong and Weak Emergence" <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="http://consc.net/papers/emergence.pdf" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:100% 50% no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding:8px 18px 8px 0px;" class="yiv2918776254external yiv2918776254gmail-autonumber">[1]</a> Republished in P. Clayton and P. Davies, eds. (2006) <i>The Re-Emergence of Emergence</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press</span></li><li id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedau1997-10" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-cite-backlink">^ <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedau1997_10-0" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;"><span style="overflow:hidden;padding:0px;border:0px;min-height:1px;width:1px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height:1;font-size:11.52px;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedau1997_10-1" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;"><sup style="line-height:1;font-size:11.52px;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedau1997_10-2" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;"><sup style="line-height:1;font-size:11.52px;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedau1997_10-3" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;"><sup style="line-height:1;font-size:11.52px;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference-text"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#CITEREFBedau1997" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">Bedau 1997</a>.</span></li><li id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_note-FOOTNOTELaughlin2005-11" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-cite-backlink">^ <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaughlin2005_11-0" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;"><span style="overflow:hidden;padding:0px;border:0px;min-height:1px;width:1px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height:1;font-size:11.52px;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaughlin2005_11-1" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;"><sup style="line-height:1;font-size:11.52px;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference-text"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#CITEREFLaughlin2005" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">Laughlin 2005</a>.</span></li><li id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-cite-backlink"><b><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-12" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">^</a></b></span> <span class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference-text"><cite id="yiv2918776254gmail-CITEREFLuisi2006" style="font-style:inherit;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-citation yiv2918776254gmail-book yiv2918776254gmail-cs1">Luisi, Pier L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/chemistry/organic-chemistry/emergence-life-chemical-origins-synthetic-biology" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:100% no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em;" class="yiv2918776254external yiv2918776254gmail-text"><i>The Emergence of Life: From Chemical Origins to Synthetic Biology</i></a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 119. <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-redirect">ISBN</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521821179" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521821179" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">978-0521821179</a>. <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023700/http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/chemistry/organic-chemistry/emergence-life-chemical-origins-synthetic-biology" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:100% no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em;" class="yiv2918776254external yiv2918776254gmail-text">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-11-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Life%3A+From+Chemical+Origins+to+Synthetic+Biology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0521821179&rft.aulast=Luisi&rft.aufirst=Pier+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Facademic%2Fsubjects%2Fchemistry%2Forganic-chemistry%2Femergence-life-chemical-origins-synthetic-biology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="yiv2918776254gmail-Z3988"></span></span></li><li id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_note-13" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-cite-backlink"><b><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-13" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">^</a></b></span> <span class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference-text"><cite id="yiv2918776254gmail-CITEREFKim2006" style="font-style:inherit;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-citation yiv2918776254gmail-journal yiv2918776254gmail-cs1">Kim, Jaegwon (2006). "Emergence: Core ideas and issues". <i>Synthese</i>. <b>151</b> (3): 547–59. <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-redirect">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11229-006-9025-0" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:100% no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em;" class="yiv2918776254external yiv2918776254gmail-text">10.1007/s11229-006-9025-0</a>. <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-redirect">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:875121" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:100% no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em;" class="yiv2918776254external yiv2918776254gmail-text">875121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Synthese&rft.atitle=Emergence%3A+Core+ideas+and+issues&rft.volume=151&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=547-59&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11229-006-9025-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A875121%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Jaegwon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="yiv2918776254gmail-Z3988"></span></span></li><li id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_note-14" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-cite-backlink"><b><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-14" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">^</a></b></span> <span class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference-text"><cite id="yiv2918776254gmail-CITEREFCrutchfield1993" style="font-style:inherit;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-citation yiv2918776254gmail-journal yiv2918776254gmail-cs1"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_P._Crutchfield" title="James P. Crutchfield" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">Crutchfield, James P.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="http://csc.ucdavis.edu/~cmg/compmech/pubs/CalcEmergTitlePage.htm" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:100% no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em;" class="yiv2918776254external yiv2918776254gmail-text">"The Calculi of Emergence: Computation, Dynamics, and Induction"</a>. <i>Physica</i>. <b>75</b> (1–3). Utrecht (published 1994): 11–54. <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" title="Bibcode (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-redirect">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994PhyD...75...11C" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:100% no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em;" class="yiv2918776254external yiv2918776254gmail-text">1994PhyD...75...11C</a>. <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-redirect">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0167-2789%2894%2990273-9" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:100% no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em;" class="yiv2918776254external yiv2918776254gmail-text">10.1016/0167-2789(94)90273-9</a><span class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-nowrap">24 Mar</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physica&rft.atitle=The+Calculi+of+Emergence%3A+Computation%2C+Dynamics%2C+and+Induction&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=11-54&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0167-2789%2894%2990273-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994PhyD...75...11C&rft.aulast=Crutchfield&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsc.ucdavis.edu%2F~cmg%2Fcompmech%2Fpubs%2FCalcEmergTitlePage.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="yiv2918776254gmail-Z3988"></span></span></li><li id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_note-15" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-cite-backlink"><b><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-15" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">^</a></b></span> <span class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference-text">See f.i. Carlo Rovelli: The mystery of time, 2017, part 10: Perspective, p.105-110</span></li><li id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_note-16" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-cite-backlink"><b><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-16" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">^</a></b></span> <span class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference-text"><cite id="yiv2918776254gmail-CITEREFAnderson2018" style="font-style:inherit;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-citation yiv2918776254gmail-book yiv2918776254gmail-cs1">Anderson, Philip W. (2018-03-09). <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9HhQDwAAQBAJ" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:100% no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em;" class="yiv2918776254external yiv2918776254gmail-text"><i>Basic Notions Of Condensed Matter Physics</i></a>. CRC Press. <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-redirect">ISBN</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-97374-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-97374-1" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">978-0-429-97374-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Notions+Of+Condensed+Matter+Physics&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2018-03-09&rft.isbn=978-0-429-97374-1&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Philip+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9HhQDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="yiv2918776254gmail-Z3988"></span></span></li><li id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_note-17" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;"><span style="" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-cite-backlink"><b><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-17" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">^</a></b></span> <span class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference-text"><cite id="yiv2918776254gmail-CITEREFGirvinYang2019" style="font-style:inherit;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-citation yiv2918776254gmail-book yiv2918776254gmail-cs1">Girvin, Steven M.; Yang, Kun (2019-02-28). <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ESIDwAAQBAJ" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:100% no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em;" class="yiv2918776254external yiv2918776254gmail-text"><i>Modern Condensed Matter Physics</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-redirect">ISBN</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-57347-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-57347-4" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;">978-1-108-57347-4</a>.</cite></span></li><li id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_note-17" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;">Kivelson, Sophia; Kivelson, Steve (2016). <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnpjquantmats.2016.24" style="font-style:inherit;background:100% no-repeat;text-decoration-line:none;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em;" class="yiv2918776254external yiv2918776254gmail-text">"Defining Emergence in Physics"</a><span style="font-style:inherit;">. </span><i>npj Quantum Materials</i><span style="font-style:inherit;">. </span><b style="font-style:inherit;">1</b><span style="font-style:inherit;">. Nature Research. </span><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" style="font-style:inherit;background:none;text-decoration-line:none;border-radius:0px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-redirect">doi</a><span style="font-style:inherit;">:</span><span title="Freely accessible" style="font-style:inherit;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-id-lock-free"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnpjquantmats.2016.24" style="text-decoration-line:none;background-size:contain;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-color:initial;border-radius:0px;padding:0px 1em 0px 0px;" class="yiv2918776254external yiv2918776254gmail-text">10.1038/npjquantmats.2016.24</a></span></li><li id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_note-17" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#CITEREFKoestler1969" style="background:none;text-decoration-line:none;border-radius:0px;">Koestler 1969</a>.</li><li id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_note-17" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#CITEREFAnderson1972" style="background:none;text-decoration-line:none;border-radius:0px;">Anderson 1972</a>.</li><li id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_note-17" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;">Longo, Giuseppe; Montévil, Maël; Pocheville, Arnaud (2012-01-01). <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429021" style="font-style:inherit;background:100% no-repeat;text-decoration-line:none;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em;" class="yiv2918776254external yiv2918776254gmail-text">"From bottom-up approaches to levels of organization and extended critical transitions"</a><span style="font-style:inherit;">. </span><i>Frontiers in Physiology</i><span style="font-style:inherit;">. </span><b style="font-style:inherit;">3</b><span style="font-style:inherit;">: 232. </span><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" style="font-style:inherit;background:none;text-decoration-line:none;border-radius:0px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-redirect">doi</a><span style="font-style:inherit;">:</span><span title="Freely accessible" style="font-style:inherit;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-id-lock-free"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffphys.2012.00232" style="text-decoration-line:none;background-size:contain;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-color:initial;border-radius:0px;padding:0px 1em 0px 0px;" class="yiv2918776254external yiv2918776254gmail-text">10.3389/fphys.2012.00232</a></span><span style="font-style:inherit;">. </span><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" title="PMC (identifier)" style="font-style:inherit;background:none;text-decoration-line:none;border-radius:0px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-redirect">PMC</a><span style="font-style:inherit;"> </span><span title="Freely accessible" style="font-style:inherit;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-id-lock-free"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429021" style="text-decoration-line:none;background-size:contain;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-color:initial;border-radius:0px;padding:0px 1em 0px 0px;" class="yiv2918776254external yiv2918776254gmail-text">3429021</a></span><span style="font-style:inherit;">. </span><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)" style="font-style:inherit;background:none;text-decoration-line:none;border-radius:0px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-redirect">PMID</a><span style="font-style:inherit;"> </span><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22934001" style="font-style:inherit;background:100% no-repeat;text-decoration-line:none;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em;" class="yiv2918776254external yiv2918776254gmail-text">22934001</a><span style="font-style:inherit;">.</span></li><li id="yiv2918776254gmail-cite_note-17" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;"><span class="yiv2918776254gmail-reference-text"><cite id="yiv2918776254gmail-CITEREFGu2009" style="font-style:inherit;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-citation yiv2918776254gmail-journal yiv2918776254gmail-cs1">Gu, Mile; et al. (2009). "More really is different". <i>Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena</i>. <b>238</b> (9):835 <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" title="ArXiv (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-redirect">arXiv</a>:<span title="Freely accessible" class="yiv2918776254gmail-id-lock-free"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0809.0151" style="text-decoration-line:none;background-size:contain;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-color:initial;border-radius:0px;padding:0px 1em 0px 0px;" class="yiv2918776254external yiv2918776254gmail-text">0809.0151</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" title="Bibcode (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-redirect">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhyD..238..835G" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:100% no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em;" class="yiv2918776254external yiv2918776254gmail-text">2009PhyD..238..835G</a>. <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-redirect">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physd.2008.12.016" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:100% no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em;" class="yiv2918776254external yiv2918776254gmail-text">10.1016/j.physd.2008.12.016</a>. <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;" class="yiv2918776254gmail-mw-redirect">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:61197980" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:100% no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em;" class="yiv2918776254external yiv2918776254gmail-text">61197980</a>.</cite></span></li></ol></div></div><div><br clear="none"></div></div><br clear="none"><div class="yiv2918776254gmail_quote"><div id="yiv2918776254yqt66264" class="yiv2918776254yqt8135231932"><div dir="ltr" class="yiv2918776254gmail_attr">On Wed, Oct 9, 2024 at 11:06 AM Robert Primak via LCTG <<a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" ymailto="mailto:lctg@lists.toku.us" target="_blank" href="mailto:lctg@lists.toku.us">lctg@lists.toku.us</a>> wrote:<br clear="none"></div><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex;" class="yiv2918776254gmail_quote"><div><div style="font-family:Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:13px;"><div dir="ltr"><div><div>I was asked to post an explainer for the concept of an "emergent phenomenon" as used in experimental psychology research. My understanding is only a little post-secondary, but here is what I can derive from what I think I was hearing today: </div><div><br clear="none"></div><div>Emergence in Social Groups and in Brains</div><div>Why is the whole sometimes LESS than the sum of its parts?</div><div>(2013)</div><div><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/hot-thought/201310/emergence-in-social-groups-and-in-brains">https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/hot-thought/201310/emergence-in-social-groups-and-in-brains</a> </div><div><br clear="none"></div><div>"Emergence takes place when the whole is more than the sum of its parts. More carefully: A property is emergent when it belongs to a whole but not to its parts, and is not just an aggregate of the properties of the parts because it results from the interactions of the parts."</div><div><br clear="none"></div><div>(One of the questions in the video's discussion was about the deprecation of the functions of individual neurons as their connections into brain functions increase in complexity, at least in birds. This is popularized as the "pruning of connections" as brains mature. The reality of brain maturation is more dynamic and more complex.) </div><div><br clear="none"></div><div>A macro-scale type of "Cadence Problem" in Brain Science:</div><div>(This is not the Cadence Problem with neural arrays, which Dr. Hopfield is investigating.)</div><div><br clear="none"></div><div>"According to a new study the quick, athletic learners among us really are built differently – inside their brains: quick learners took about a minute to adjust and develop a comfortable walking cadence on the treadmill, the slower group took four times as long"</div><div><br clear="none"></div><div><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="https://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/1edeaxq/according_to_a_new_study_the_quick_athletic/?rdt=40756">https://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/1edeaxq/according_to_a_new_study_the_quick_athletic/?rdt=40756</a> </div><div><br clear="none"></div><div>This appears to be a concrete example of an emergent property in human behavior and brain function.</div><div><br clear="none"></div><div>Disclaimer: I do not have anywhere near the level of education or experience which the target audience of this video may be assumed to possess. </div><div><br clear="none"></div><div>-- Bob Primak </div></div><div><br clear="none"></div><br clear="none"></div></div></div>===============================================<br clear="none">
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