<div dir="ltr">All,<div><br></div><div> While Wikipedia can be criticized for many things it often provides a nice [if over simplified] summary of a complex field -- the reader is of course encouraged to pursue the typically large number of references for more</div><div><br></div><div>Here's a couple of quotes from the <font size="4">Wikipedia on Emergence</font></div><div><br></div><div><p style="margin:0.5em 0px 1em;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px">In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">philosophy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">systems theory</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" title="Science" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">science</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art" title="Art" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">art</a>, <b>emergence</b> occurs when a complex entity has properties or behaviors that its parts do not have on their own, and emerge only when they interact in a wider whole.</p><p style="margin:0.5em 0px 1em;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px">Emergence plays a central role in theories of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrative_level" title="Integrative level" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">integrative levels</a> and of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_system" title="Complex system" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">complex systems</a>. For instance, the phenomenon of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" title="Life" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">life</a> as studied in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">biology</a> is an emergent property of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">chemistry</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" title="Physics" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">physics</a>...</p></div><div><div class="gmail-mw-heading gmail-mw-heading3" style="font-weight:bold;margin:0.25em 0px;padding-top:0.5em;padding-bottom:0px;display:flow-root;word-break:break-word;font-size:1.2em;line-height:1.6;font-family:sans-serif"><h3 id="gmail-Definitions" style="color:inherit;margin:0px 0px 0.25em;padding:0px;display:inline;word-break:break-word;font-size:inherit;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:1.6;font-family:inherit;font-size-adjust:inherit;font-kerning:inherit;font-feature-settings:inherit">Definitions</h3><span class="gmail-mw-editsection" style="font-size:small;font-weight:normal;margin-left:1em;margin-right:0px;vertical-align:baseline;line-height:0;unicode-bidi:isolate"><span class="gmail-mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right:0.25em">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emergence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definitions" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">edit</a><span class="gmail-mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:0.25em">]</span></span></div><p style="margin:0.5em 0px 1em;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px">This concept of emergence dates from at least the time of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">Aristotle</a>.<sup id="gmail-cite_ref-Meta_3-0" class="gmail-reference" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:isolate;font-size:12.8px"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-Meta-3" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px"><span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">[</span>3<span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">]</span></a></sup> The many scientists and philosophers<sup id="gmail-cite_ref-4" class="gmail-reference" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:isolate;font-size:12.8px"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px"><span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">[</span>4<span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">]</span></a></sup> who have written on the concept include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">John Stuart Mill</a> (<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_of_Causes" class="gmail-mw-redirect" title="Composition of Causes" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">Composition of Causes</a></i>, 1843)<sup id="gmail-cite_ref-5" class="gmail-reference" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:isolate;font-size:12.8px"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px"><span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">[</span>5<span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">Julian Huxley</a><sup id="gmail-cite_ref-6" class="gmail-reference" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:isolate;font-size:12.8px"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px"><span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">[</span>6<span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">]</span></a></sup> (1887–1975).</p><p style="margin:0.5em 0px 1em;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px">The philosopher <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Henry_Lewes" title="George Henry Lewes" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">G. H. Lewes</a> coined the term "emergent" in 1875, distinguishing it from the merely "resultant":</p><blockquote style="overflow:hidden;padding:8px 32px;border-left:none;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p style="margin:0px">Every resultant is either a sum or a difference of the co-operant forces; their sum, when their directions are the same – their difference, when their directions are contrary. Further, every resultant is clearly traceable in its components, because these are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneous" class="gmail-mw-redirect" title="Homogeneous" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">homogeneous</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commensurability_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Commensurability (philosophy of science)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">commensurable</a>. It is otherwise with emergents, when, instead of adding measurable motion to measurable motion, or things of one kind to other individuals of their kind, there is a co-operation of things of unlike kinds. The emergent is unlike its components insofar as these are incommensurable, and it cannot be reduced to their sum or their difference...<sup id="gmail-cite_ref-7" class="gmail-reference" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:isolate;font-size:12.8px"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px"><span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">[</span>7<span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">]</span></a></sup><sup id="gmail-cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlitz1992_8-0" class="gmail-reference" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:isolate;font-size:12.8px"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlitz1992-8" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px"><span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">[</span>8<span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></div><div><div class="gmail-mw-heading gmail-mw-heading3" style="font-weight:bold;margin:0.25em 0px;padding-top:0.5em;padding-bottom:0px;display:flow-root;word-break:break-word;font-size:1.2em;line-height:1.6;font-family:sans-serif"><h3 id="gmail-Strong_and_weak_emergence" style="color:inherit;margin:0px 0px 0.25em;padding:0px;display:inline;word-break:break-word;font-size:inherit;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:1.6;font-family:inherit;font-size-adjust:inherit;font-kerning:inherit;font-feature-settings:inherit">Strong and weak emergence</h3><span class="gmail-mw-editsection" style="font-size:small;font-weight:normal;margin-left:1em;margin-right:0px;vertical-align:baseline;line-height:0;unicode-bidi:isolate"><span class="gmail-mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right:0.25em">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emergence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Strong and weak emergence" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">edit</a><span class="gmail-mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:0.25em">]</span></span></div><div role="note" class="gmail-hatnote gmail-navigation-not-searchable" style="font-style:italic;padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px">Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergent_materialism" title="Emergent materialism" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">Emergent materialism</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductive_materialism" class="gmail-mw-redirect" title="Reductive materialism" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">Reductive materialism</a></div><p style="margin:0.5em 0px 1em;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px">Usage of the notion "emergence" may generally be subdivided into two perspectives, that of "weak emergence" and "strong emergence". One paper discussing this division is <i>Weak Emergence</i>, by philosopher <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Bedau" title="Mark Bedau" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">Mark Bedau</a>. In terms of physical systems, weak emergence is a type of emergence in which the emergent property is amenable to computer simulation or similar forms of after-the-fact analysis (for example, the formation of a traffic jam, the structure of a flock of starlings in flight or a school of fish, or the formation of galaxies). Crucial in these simulations is that the interacting members retain their independence. If not, a new entity is formed with new, emergent properties: this is called strong emergence, which it is argued cannot be simulated, analysed or reduced...<sup class="gmail-noprint gmail-Inline-Template gmail-Template-Fact" style="line-height:1;font-size:12.8px">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><div class="gmail-mw-heading gmail-mw-heading3" style="font-weight:bold;margin:0.25em 0px;padding-top:0.5em;padding-bottom:0px;display:flow-root;word-break:break-word;font-size:1.2em;line-height:1.6;font-family:sans-serif"><h3 id="gmail-Objective_or_subjective_quality" style="color:inherit;margin:0px 0px 0.25em;padding:0px;display:inline;word-break:break-word;font-size:inherit;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:1.6;font-family:inherit;font-size-adjust:inherit;font-kerning:inherit;font-feature-settings:inherit">Objective or subjective quality</h3><span class="gmail-mw-editsection" style="font-size:small;font-weight:normal;margin-left:1em;margin-right:0px;vertical-align:baseline;line-height:0;unicode-bidi:isolate"><span class="gmail-mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right:0.25em">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emergence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Objective or subjective quality" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">edit</a><span class="gmail-mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:0.25em">]</span></span></div><p style="margin:0.5em 0px 1em;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px">Crutchfield regards the properties of complexity and organization of any system as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjectivity" class="gmail-mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">subjective</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">qualities</a> determined by the observer.</p><blockquote style="overflow:hidden;padding:8px 32px;border-left:none;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p style="margin:0px">Defining structure and detecting the emergence of complexity in nature are inherently subjective, though essential, scientific activities. Despite the difficulties, these problems can be analysed in terms of how model-building observers infer from measurements the computational capabilities embedded in non-linear processes. An observer's notion of what is ordered, what is random, and what is complex in its environment depends directly on its computational resources: the amount of raw measurement data, of memory, and of time available for estimation and inference. The discovery of structure in an environment depends more critically and subtly, though, on how those resources are organized. The descriptive power of the observer's chosen (or implicit) computational model class, for example, can be an overwhelming determinant in finding regularity in data.<sup id="gmail-cite_ref-14" class="gmail-reference" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:isolate;font-size:12.8px"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px"><span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">[</span>14<span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p style="margin:0.5em 0px 1em;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px">The low <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">entropy</a> of an ordered system can be viewed as an example of subjective emergence: the observer sees an ordered system by ignoring the underlying microstructure (i.e. movement of molecules or elementary particles) and concludes that the system has a low entropy.<sup id="gmail-cite_ref-15" class="gmail-reference" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:isolate;font-size:12.8px"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px"><span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">[</span>15<span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, chaotic, unpredictable behaviour can also be seen as subjective emergent, while at a microscopic scale the movement of the constituent parts can be fully deterministic.</p><div class="gmail-mw-heading gmail-mw-heading2" style="margin:0.25em 0px;padding-top:0.5em;padding-bottom:0.17em;display:flow-root;word-break:break-word;font-size:1.5em;font-family:"Linux Libertine",Georgia,Times,"Source Serif Pro",serif;line-height:1.375"><h2 id="gmail-In_science" style="color:inherit;font-weight:inherit;margin:0px 0px 0.25em;padding:0px;display:inline;word-break:break-word;border:0px;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:1.375;font-size-adjust:inherit;font-kerning:inherit;font-feature-settings:inherit">In science</h2><span class="gmail-mw-editsection" style="font-size:small;margin-left:1em;margin-right:0px;vertical-align:baseline;line-height:0;unicode-bidi:isolate;font-family:sans-serif"><span class="gmail-mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right:0.25em">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emergence&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In science" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">edit</a><span class="gmail-mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:0.25em">]</span></span></div><p style="margin:0.5em 0px 1em;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px">In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" title="Physics" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">physics</a>, emergence is used to describe a property, law, or phenomenon which occurs at macroscopic scales (in space or time) but not at microscopic scales, despite the fact that a macroscopic system can be viewed as a very large ensemble of microscopic systems.<sup id="gmail-cite_ref-16" class="gmail-reference" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:isolate;font-size:12.8px"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px"><span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">[</span>16<span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">]</span></a></sup><sup id="gmail-cite_ref-17" class="gmail-reference" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:isolate;font-size:12.8px"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px"><span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">[</span>17<span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote style="overflow:hidden;padding:8px 32px;border-left:none;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p style="margin:0px">An emergent behavior of a physical system is a qualitative property that can only occur in the limit that the number of microscopic constituents tends to infinity.<sup id="gmail-cite_ref-18" class="gmail-reference" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:isolate;font-size:12.8px"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px"><span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">[</span>18<span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p style="margin:0.5em 0px 1em;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px"><sup class="gmail-noprint gmail-Inline-Template gmail-Template-Fact" style="line-height:1;font-size:12.8px"></sup></p><p style="margin:0.5em 0px 1em;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px">According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Laughlin" class="gmail-mw-redirect" title="Robert Laughlin" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">Robert Laughlin</a>,<sup id="gmail-cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaughlin2005_11-1" class="gmail-reference" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:isolate;font-size:12.8px"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaughlin2005-11" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px"><span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">[</span>11<span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">]</span></a></sup> for many-particle systems, nothing can be calculated exactly from the microscopic equations, and macroscopic systems are characterised by broken symmetry: the symmetry present in the microscopic equations is not present in the macroscopic system, due to phase transitions. As a result, these macroscopic systems are described in their own terminology, and have properties that do not depend on many microscopic details...</p><p style="margin:0.5em 0px 1em;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px">Theoretical physicist PW Anderson states it this way:</p><blockquote class="gmail-templatequote" style="overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0px;padding:0px 32px;border-left:none;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p style="margin:0px">The ability to reduce everything to simple fundamental laws does not imply the ability to start from those laws and reconstruct the universe. The constructionist hypothesis breaks down when confronted with the twin difficulties of scale and complexity. At each level of complexity entirely new properties appear. Psychology is not applied biology, nor is biology applied chemistry. We can now see that the whole becomes not merely more, but very different from the sum of its parts.<sup id="gmail-cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1972_20-0" class="gmail-reference" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:isolate;font-size:12.8px"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1972-20" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px"><span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">[</span>20<span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p style="margin:0.5em 0px 1em;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px">Meanwhile, others have worked towards developing analytical evidence of strong emergence. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renormalization_group" title="Renormalization group" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">Renormalization</a> methods in theoretical physics enable physicists to study critical phenomena that are not tractable as the combination of their parts.<sup id="gmail-cite_ref-21" class="gmail-reference" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:isolate;font-size:12.8px"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-21" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px"><span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">[</span>21<span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, Gu <i>et al.</i> presented a class of infinite physical systems that exhibits non-computable macroscopic properties.<sup id="gmail-cite_ref-morereally_22-0" class="gmail-reference" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:isolate;font-size:12.8px"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-morereally-22" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px"><span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">[</span>22<span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">]</span></a></sup><sup id="gmail-cite_ref-binder_23-0" class="gmail-reference" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:isolate;font-size:12.8px"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-binder-23" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px"><span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">[</span>23<span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">]</span></a></sup> More precisely, if one could compute certain macroscopic properties of these systems from the microscopic description of these systems, then one would be able to solve computational problems known to be undecidable in computer science. These results concern infinite systems, finite systems being considered computable. However, macroscopic concepts which only apply in the limit of infinite systems, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">phase transitions</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renormalization_group" title="Renormalization group" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">renormalization group</a>, are important for understanding and modeling real, finite physical systems. Gu <i>et al.</i> concluded that</p><blockquote class="gmail-templatequote" style="overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0px;padding:0px 32px;border-left:none;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p style="margin:0px">Although macroscopic concepts are essential for understanding our world, much of fundamental physics has been devoted to the search for a 'theory of everything', a set of equations that perfectly describe the behavior of all fundamental particles. The view that this is the goal of science rests in part on the rationale that such a theory would allow us to derive the behavior of all macroscopic concepts, at least in principle. The evidence we have presented suggests that this view may be overly optimistic. A 'theory of everything' is one of many components necessary for complete understanding of the universe, but is not necessarily the only one. The development of macroscopic laws from first principles may involve more than just systematic logic, and could require conjectures suggested by experiments, simulations or insight.<sup id="gmail-cite_ref-morereally_22-1" class="gmail-reference" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:isolate;font-size:12.8px"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_note-morereally-22" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px"><span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">[</span>22<span class="gmail-cite-bracket" style="pointer-events: none;">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></div><div><img src="cid:ii_m22315dg0" alt="image.png" width="369" height="472"><br></div><div><span style="color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.144px;background-color:rgb(248,249,250)">The formation of complex symmetrical and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.144px">fractal</a><span style="color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.144px;background-color:rgb(248,249,250)"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.144px">patterns</a><span style="color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.144px;background-color:rgb(248,249,250)"> in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowflake" title="Snowflake" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.144px">snowflakes</a><span style="color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.144px;background-color:rgb(248,249,250)"> exemplifies emergence in a physical system.</span><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>Ted</div><div><br></div><div><div class="gmail-mw-heading gmail-mw-heading2" style="margin:0.25em 0px;padding-top:0.5em;padding-bottom:0.17em;display:flow-root;word-break:break-word;font-size:1.5em;font-family:"Linux Libertine",Georgia,Times,"Source Serif Pro",serif;line-height:1.375"><h2 id="gmail-References" style="color:inherit;font-weight:inherit;margin:0px 0px 0.25em;padding:0px;display:inline;word-break:break-word;border:0px;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:1.375;font-size-adjust:inherit;font-kerning:inherit;font-feature-settings:inherit">References</h2><span class="gmail-mw-editsection" style="font-size:small;margin-left:1em;margin-right:0px;vertical-align:baseline;line-height:0;unicode-bidi:isolate;font-family:sans-serif"><span class="gmail-mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right:0.25em">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emergence&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">edit</a><span class="gmail-mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:0.25em">]</span></span></div><div class="gmail-reflist gmail-reflist-columns gmail-references-column-width" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal;font-size:14.4px;margin-top:0.3em;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:sans-serif;column-width:30em"><ol class="gmail-references" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 3.2em;padding:0px;list-style-type:inherit"><li id="gmail-cite_note-Wong-1" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="gmail-mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-Wong_1-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">^</a></b></span> <span class="gmail-reference-text"><cite id="gmail-CITEREFO'Connor,_TimothyWong,_Hong_Yu2012" class="gmail-citation encyclopaedia gmail-cs1" style="font-style:inherit">O'Connor, Timothy; Wong, Hong Yu (February 28, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external gmail-text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2012/entries/properties-emergent/" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") 100% 50%/0.857em no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em">"Emergent Properties"</a>. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2012 Edition)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emergent+Properties&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy+%28Spring+2012+Edition%29&rft.date=2012-02-28&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+Timothy&rft.au=Wong%2C+Hong+Yu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2012%2Fentries%2Fproperties-emergent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="gmail-Z3988"></span></span></li><li id="gmail-cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="gmail-mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-2" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">^</a></b></span> <span class="gmail-reference-text"><cite id="gmail-CITEREFHartmann2013" class="gmail-citation gmail-book gmail-cs1" style="font-style:inherit">Hartmann, Nicolai (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external gmail-text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110246681" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") 100% 50%/0.857em no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em"><i>Possibility and actuality</i></a>. Translated by Adair, Stephanie and Scott, Alex. Walter De Gruyter. p. 223. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="gmail-mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external gmail-text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110246681" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") 100% 50%/0.857em no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em">10.1515/9783110246681</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="gmail-mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110246681" title="Special:BookSources/9783110246681" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">9783110246681</a>. <q style="quotes:"\000022" "\000022" "\000027" "\000027"">The higher nexus is, in many of its structural elements, dependent on the lower, but is autonomous in its particular nature (its categorial <i>novum</i>). The chain of conditions of a real thing in the higher stratum contains an ample number of components from the lower strata; but they are only partial aspects of it, and therefore do not make its real possibility complete; they make it, in fact, neither necessary nor actual. The chain becomes complete only through the addition of real components of its own stratum. But these are under a categorially different kind of determination. Structurally, they belong to the higher real nexus itself, and are not found outside of it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Possibility+and+actuality&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Walter+De+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110246681&rft.isbn=9783110246681&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Nicolai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%2F9783110246681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="gmail-Z3988"></span></span></li><li id="gmail-cite_note-Meta-3" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="gmail-mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-Meta_3-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">^</a></b></span> <span class="gmail-reference-text">Aristotle, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">Metaphysics (Aristotle)</a></i>, Book VIII (Eta) 1045a 8–10: "... the totality is not, as it were, a mere heap, but the whole is something besides the parts ...", i.e., the whole is other than the sum of the parts.</span></li><li id="gmail-cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="gmail-mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-4" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">^</a></b></span> <span class="gmail-reference-text"><cite id="gmail-CITEREFWinningBechtel2019" class="gmail-citation gmail-book gmail-cs1" style="font-style:inherit">Winning, Jason; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bechtel" title="William Bechtel" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">Bechtel, William</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external gmail-text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/WINBEV" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") 100% 50%/0.857em no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em">"Being emergence vs. pattern emergence: complexity, control, and goal-directedness in biological systems"</a>. In Gibb, Sophie; Hendry, Robin Findlay; Lancaster, Tom (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external gmail-text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Tz3DwAAQBAJ" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") 100% 50%/0.857em no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em"><i>The Routledge Handbook of Emergence</i></a>. Routledge Handbooks in Philosophy. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 134. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="gmail-mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317381501" title="Special:BookSources/9781317381501" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">9781317381501</a><span class="gmail-reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="gmail-nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">25 October</span> 2020</span>. <q style="quotes:"\000022" "\000022" "\000027" "\000027"">Emergence is much discussed by both philosophers and scientists.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Being+emergence+vs.+pattern+emergence%3A+complexity%2C+control%2C+and+goal-directedness+in+biological+systems&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Emergence&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.series=Routledge+Handbooks+in+Philosophy&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781317381501&rft.aulast=Winning&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Bechtel%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FWINBEV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="gmail-Z3988"></span></span></li><li id="gmail-cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="gmail-mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-5" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">^</a></b></span> <span class="gmail-reference-text">"The chemical combination of two substances produces, as is well known, a third substance with properties entirely different from those of either of the two substances separately, or of both of them taken together."</span></li><li id="gmail-cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="gmail-mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-6" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">^</a></b></span> <span class="gmail-reference-text">Julian Huxley: "now and again there is a sudden rapid passage to a totally new and more comprehensive type of order or organization, with quite new emergent properties, and involving quite new methods of further evolution" (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#CITEREFHuxleyHuxley1947" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">Huxley & Huxley 1947</a>, p. 120)</span></li><li id="gmail-cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="gmail-mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-7" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">^</a></b></span> <span class="gmail-reference-text"><cite id="gmail-CITEREFLewes1875" class="gmail-citation gmail-book gmail-cs1" style="font-style:inherit"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Henry_Lewes" title="George Henry Lewes" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">Lewes, George Henry</a> (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external gmail-text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0J8RAAAAYAAJ" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") 100% 50%/0.857em no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em"><i>Problems of Life and Mind</i></a>. First Series: The Foundations of a Creed. Vol. 2. Boston: Osgood. p. 369<span class="gmail-reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="gmail-nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">24 Mar</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Problems+of+Life+and+Mind&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=First+Series%3A+The+Foundations+of+a+Creed&rft.pages=369&rft.pub=Osgood&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Lewes&rft.aufirst=George+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0J8RAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="gmail-Z3988"></span></span></li><li id="gmail-cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlitz1992-8" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="gmail-mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlitz1992_8-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">^</a></b></span> <span class="gmail-reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#CITEREFBlitz1992" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">Blitz 1992</a>.</span></li><li id="gmail-cite_note-9" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="gmail-mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-9" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">^</a></b></span> <span class="gmail-reference-text">Chalmers, David J. (2002). "Strong and Weak Emergence" <a rel="nofollow" class="external gmail-autonumber" href="http://consc.net/papers/emergence.pdf" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") 100% 50% no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding:8px 18px 8px 0px">[1]</a> Republished in P. Clayton and P. Davies, eds. (2006) <i>The Re-Emergence of Emergence</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press</span></li><li id="gmail-cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedau1997-10" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="gmail-mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedau1997_10-0" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px"><span class="gmail-cite-accessibility-label" style="overflow:hidden;padding:0px;border:0px;height:1px;width:1px">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height:1;font-size:11.52px"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedau1997_10-1" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px"><sup style="line-height:1;font-size:11.52px"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedau1997_10-2" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px"><sup style="line-height:1;font-size:11.52px"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedau1997_10-3" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px"><sup style="line-height:1;font-size:11.52px"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="gmail-reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#CITEREFBedau1997" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">Bedau 1997</a>.</span></li><li id="gmail-cite_note-FOOTNOTELaughlin2005-11" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="gmail-mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaughlin2005_11-0" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px"><span class="gmail-cite-accessibility-label" style="overflow:hidden;padding:0px;border:0px;height:1px;width:1px">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height:1;font-size:11.52px"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaughlin2005_11-1" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px"><sup style="line-height:1;font-size:11.52px"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="gmail-reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#CITEREFLaughlin2005" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">Laughlin 2005</a>.</span></li><li id="gmail-cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="gmail-mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-12" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">^</a></b></span> <span class="gmail-reference-text"><cite id="gmail-CITEREFLuisi2006" class="gmail-citation gmail-book gmail-cs1" style="font-style:inherit">Luisi, Pier L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external gmail-text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/chemistry/organic-chemistry/emergence-life-chemical-origins-synthetic-biology" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") 100% 50%/0.857em no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em"><i>The Emergence of Life: From Chemical Origins to Synthetic Biology</i></a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 119. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="gmail-mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521821179" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521821179" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">978-0521821179</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external gmail-text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023700/http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/chemistry/organic-chemistry/emergence-life-chemical-origins-synthetic-biology" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") 100% 50%/0.857em no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-11-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Life%3A+From+Chemical+Origins+to+Synthetic+Biology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0521821179&rft.aulast=Luisi&rft.aufirst=Pier+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Facademic%2Fsubjects%2Fchemistry%2Forganic-chemistry%2Femergence-life-chemical-origins-synthetic-biology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="gmail-Z3988"></span></span></li><li id="gmail-cite_note-13" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="gmail-mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-13" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">^</a></b></span> <span class="gmail-reference-text"><cite id="gmail-CITEREFKim2006" class="gmail-citation gmail-journal gmail-cs1" style="font-style:inherit">Kim, Jaegwon (2006). "Emergence: Core ideas and issues". <i>Synthese</i>. <b>151</b> (3): 547–59. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="gmail-mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external gmail-text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11229-006-9025-0" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") 100% 50%/0.857em no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em">10.1007/s11229-006-9025-0</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="gmail-mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external gmail-text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:875121" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") 100% 50%/0.857em no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em">875121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Synthese&rft.atitle=Emergence%3A+Core+ideas+and+issues&rft.volume=151&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=547-59&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11229-006-9025-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A875121%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Jaegwon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="gmail-Z3988"></span></span></li><li id="gmail-cite_note-14" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="gmail-mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-14" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">^</a></b></span> <span class="gmail-reference-text"><cite id="gmail-CITEREFCrutchfield1993" class="gmail-citation gmail-journal gmail-cs1" style="font-style:inherit"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_P._Crutchfield" title="James P. Crutchfield" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">Crutchfield, James P.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external gmail-text" href="http://csc.ucdavis.edu/~cmg/compmech/pubs/CalcEmergTitlePage.htm" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") 100% 50%/0.857em no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em">"The Calculi of Emergence: Computation, Dynamics, and Induction"</a>. <i>Physica</i>. <b>75</b> (1–3). Utrecht (published 1994): 11–54. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="gmail-mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external gmail-text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994PhyD...75...11C" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") 100% 50%/0.857em no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em">1994PhyD...75...11C</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="gmail-mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external gmail-text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0167-2789%2894%2990273-9" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") 100% 50%/0.857em no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em">10.1016/0167-2789(94)90273-9</a><span class="gmail-reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="gmail-nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">24 Mar</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physica&rft.atitle=The+Calculi+of+Emergence%3A+Computation%2C+Dynamics%2C+and+Induction&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=11-54&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0167-2789%2894%2990273-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994PhyD...75...11C&rft.aulast=Crutchfield&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsc.ucdavis.edu%2F~cmg%2Fcompmech%2Fpubs%2FCalcEmergTitlePage.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="gmail-Z3988"></span></span></li><li id="gmail-cite_note-15" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="gmail-mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-15" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">^</a></b></span> <span class="gmail-reference-text">See f.i. Carlo Rovelli: The mystery of time, 2017, part 10: Perspective, p.105-110</span></li><li id="gmail-cite_note-16" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="gmail-mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-16" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">^</a></b></span> <span class="gmail-reference-text"><cite id="gmail-CITEREFAnderson2018" class="gmail-citation gmail-book gmail-cs1" style="font-style:inherit">Anderson, Philip W. (2018-03-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external gmail-text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9HhQDwAAQBAJ" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") 100% 50%/0.857em no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em"><i>Basic Notions Of Condensed Matter Physics</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="gmail-mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-97374-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-97374-1" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">978-0-429-97374-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Notions+Of+Condensed+Matter+Physics&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2018-03-09&rft.isbn=978-0-429-97374-1&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Philip+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9HhQDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="gmail-Z3988"></span></span></li><li id="gmail-cite_note-17" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="gmail-mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#cite_ref-17" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">^</a></b></span> <span class="gmail-reference-text"><cite id="gmail-CITEREFGirvinYang2019" class="gmail-citation gmail-book gmail-cs1" style="font-style:inherit">Girvin, Steven M.; Yang, Kun (2019-02-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external gmail-text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ESIDwAAQBAJ" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") 100% 50%/0.857em no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em"><i>Modern Condensed Matter Physics</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="gmail-mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-57347-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-57347-4" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">978-1-108-57347-4</a>.</cite></span></li><li id="gmail-cite_note-17" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;break-inside:avoid-column">Kivelson, Sophia; Kivelson, Steve (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external gmail-text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnpjquantmats.2016.24" style="font-style:inherit;background:url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") 100% 50%/0.857em no-repeat;text-decoration-line:none;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em">"Defining Emergence in Physics"</a><span style="font-style:inherit">. </span><i>npj Quantum Materials</i><span style="font-style:inherit">. </span><b style="font-style:inherit">1</b><span style="font-style:inherit">. Nature Research. </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="gmail-mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)" style="font-style:inherit;background:none;text-decoration-line:none;border-radius:0px">doi</a><span style="font-style:inherit">:</span><span class="gmail-id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible" style="font-style:inherit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external gmail-text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnpjquantmats.2016.24" style="text-decoration-line:none;background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-size:contain;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-color:initial;border-radius:0px;padding:0px 1em 0px 0px">10.1038/npjquantmats.2016.24</a></span></li><li id="gmail-cite_note-17" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;break-inside:avoid-column"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#CITEREFKoestler1969" style="background:none;text-decoration-line:none;border-radius:0px">Koestler 1969</a>.</li><li id="gmail-cite_note-17" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;break-inside:avoid-column"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#CITEREFAnderson1972" style="background:none;text-decoration-line:none;border-radius:0px">Anderson 1972</a>.</li><li id="gmail-cite_note-17" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;break-inside:avoid-column">Longo, Giuseppe; Montévil, Maël; Pocheville, Arnaud (2012-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external gmail-text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429021" style="font-style:inherit;background:url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") 100% 50%/0.857em no-repeat;text-decoration-line:none;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em">"From bottom-up approaches to levels of organization and extended critical transitions"</a><span style="font-style:inherit">. </span><i>Frontiers in Physiology</i><span style="font-style:inherit">. </span><b style="font-style:inherit">3</b><span style="font-style:inherit">: 232. </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="gmail-mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)" style="font-style:inherit;background:none;text-decoration-line:none;border-radius:0px">doi</a><span style="font-style:inherit">:</span><span class="gmail-id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible" style="font-style:inherit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external gmail-text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffphys.2012.00232" style="text-decoration-line:none;background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-size:contain;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-color:initial;border-radius:0px;padding:0px 1em 0px 0px">10.3389/fphys.2012.00232</a></span><span style="font-style:inherit">. </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="gmail-mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)" style="font-style:inherit;background:none;text-decoration-line:none;border-radius:0px">PMC</a><span style="font-style:inherit"> </span><span class="gmail-id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible" style="font-style:inherit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external gmail-text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429021" style="text-decoration-line:none;background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-size:contain;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-color:initial;border-radius:0px;padding:0px 1em 0px 0px">3429021</a></span><span style="font-style:inherit">. </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="gmail-mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)" style="font-style:inherit;background:none;text-decoration-line:none;border-radius:0px">PMID</a><span style="font-style:inherit"> </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external gmail-text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22934001" style="font-style:inherit;background:url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") 100% 50%/0.857em no-repeat;text-decoration-line:none;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em">22934001</a><span style="font-style:inherit">.</span></li><li id="gmail-cite_note-17" style="margin-bottom:0.1em;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="gmail-reference-text"><cite id="gmail-CITEREFGu2009" class="gmail-citation gmail-journal gmail-cs1" style="font-style:inherit">Gu, Mile; et al. (2009). "More really is different". <i>Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena</i>. <b>238</b> (9):835 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="gmail-mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">arXiv</a>:<span class="gmail-id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external gmail-text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0809.0151" style="text-decoration-line:none;background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-size:contain;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-color:initial;border-radius:0px;padding:0px 1em 0px 0px">0809.0151</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="gmail-mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external gmail-text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhyD..238..835G" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") 100% 50%/0.857em no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em">2009PhyD..238..835G</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="gmail-mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external gmail-text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physd.2008.12.016" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") 100% 50%/0.857em no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em">10.1016/j.physd.2008.12.016</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="gmail-mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:none;border-radius:0px">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external gmail-text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:61197980" style="text-decoration-line:none;background:url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?fb64d") 100% 50%/0.857em no-repeat;border-radius:0px;padding-right:1em">61197980</a>.</cite></span></li></ol></div></div><div><br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Wed, Oct 9, 2024 at 11:06 AM Robert Primak via LCTG <<a href="mailto:lctg@lists.toku.us">lctg@lists.toku.us</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div><div style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><div dir="ltr"><div><div>I was asked to post an explainer for the concept of an "emergent phenomenon" as used in experimental psychology research.  My understanding is only a little post-secondary, but here is what I can derive from what I think I was hearing today: </div><div><br></div><div>Emergence in Social Groups and in Brains</div><div>Why is the whole sometimes LESS than the sum of its parts?</div><div>(2013)</div><div><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/hot-thought/201310/emergence-in-social-groups-and-in-brains" target="_blank">https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/hot-thought/201310/emergence-in-social-groups-and-in-brains</a> </div><div><br></div><div>"Emergence takes place when the whole is more than the sum of its parts. More carefully: A property is emergent when it belongs to a whole but not to its parts, and is not just an aggregate of the properties of the parts because it results from the interactions of the parts."</div><div><br></div><div>(One of the questions in the video's discussion was about the deprecation of the functions of individual neurons as their connections into brain functions increase in complexity, at least in birds. This is popularized as the "pruning of connections" as brains mature. The reality of brain maturation is more dynamic and more complex.) </div><div><br></div><div>A macro-scale type of "Cadence Problem" in Brain Science:</div><div>(This is not the Cadence Problem with neural arrays, which Dr. Hopfield is investigating.)</div><div><br></div><div>"According to a new study the quick, athletic learners among us really are built differently – inside their brains: quick learners took about a minute to adjust and develop a comfortable walking cadence on the treadmill, the slower group took four times as long"</div><div><br></div><div><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/1edeaxq/according_to_a_new_study_the_quick_athletic/?rdt=40756" target="_blank">https://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/1edeaxq/according_to_a_new_study_the_quick_athletic/?rdt=40756</a> </div><div><br></div><div>This appears to be a concrete example of an emergent property in human behavior and brain function.</div><div><br></div><div>Disclaimer: I do not have anywhere near the level of education or experience which the target audience of this video may be assumed to possess. </div><div><br></div><div>-- Bob Primak </div></div><div><br></div><br></div></div></div>===============================================<br>
::The Lexington Computer and Technology Group Mailing List::<br>
Reply goes to sender only; Reply All to send to list.<br>
Send to the list: <a href="mailto:LCTG@lists.toku.us" target="_blank">LCTG@lists.toku.us</a>      Message archives: <a href="http://lists.toku.us/pipermail/lctg-toku.us/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://lists.toku.us/pipermail/lctg-toku.us/</a><br>
To subscribe: email <a href="mailto:lctg-subscribe@toku.us" target="_blank">lctg-subscribe@toku.us</a>  To unsubscribe: email <a href="mailto:lctg-unsubscribe@toku.us" target="_blank">lctg-unsubscribe@toku.us</a><br>
Future and Past meeting information: <a href="http://LCTG.toku.us" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://LCTG.toku.us</a><br>
List information: <a href="http://lists.toku.us/listinfo.cgi/lctg-toku.us" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://lists.toku.us/listinfo.cgi/lctg-toku.us</a><br>
This message was sent to <a href="mailto:tedpkphd@gmail.com" target="_blank">tedpkphd@gmail.com</a>.<br>
Set your list options: <a href="http://lists.toku.us/options.cgi/lctg-toku.us/tedpkphd@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://lists.toku.us/options.cgi/lctg-toku.us/tedpkphd@gmail.com</a><br>
</blockquote></div>