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I’ve long wondered why government agencies in spacefaring nations haven’t met to develop methods and regulations for controlling the menaces of accumulating space junk. <div><br></div><div>Lassitude and technological incompetence are easy explanations. <span style="caret-color: rgb(var(--links-caret-color)); color: rgb(var(--text-color)); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">But are there less judgmental reasons, reasons that might be constructively addressed by nations?</span><div><br> Mike Alexander<br><br><p class="yahoo-quoted-begin" style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(132, 115, 255); padding-top: 15px; margin-top: 0px;">On Friday, May 16, 2025, 2:58 PM, Robert Primak via LCTG <lctg@lists.toku.us> wrote:</p><blockquote class="iosymail"><div id="yiv9005433828"><div><div style="font-family:Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:13px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yahoo-style-wrap"><div></div>
<div dir="ltr">Updated link for the MIT News article about the SSR rating sysstem:</div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><a shape="rect" href="https://news.mit.edu/2025/deploying-practical-solution-space-debris-0514" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://news.mit.edu/2025/deploying-practical-solution-space-debris-0514</a></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">-- Bob Primak </div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div><br clear="none"></div>
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On Friday, May 16, 2025 at 02:49:44 PM EDT, Robert Primak via LCTG <lctg@lists.toku.us> wrote:
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<div dir="ltr">Great find, Ted.</div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">I found a simpler presentation on the subject, in a recent edition of the MIT News. I think that's the version I'd go with for the potpourri.</div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><a shape="rect" href="https://news.mit.edu/2025/deploying-practical-solution-space-debris-0514%20and%20data%20sharing." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://news.mit.edu/2025/deploying-practical-solution-space-debris-0514%20and%20data%20sharing.</a> </div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">This would be in addition to the MIT article about the effects of climate change on the persistence of space junk:</div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><a shape="rect" href="https://news.mit.edu/2025/study-climate-change-will-reduce-number-satellites-safely-orbit-space-0310" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://news.mit.edu/2025/study-climate-change-will-reduce-number-satellites-safely-orbit-space-0310</a> </div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr"><span>If you have additional details, your input at the potpourri would be welcomed.</span></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div dir="ltr">-- Bob Primak </div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none"></div><div><br clear="none"></div>
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On Friday, May 16, 2025 at 02:15:15 PM EDT, Ted Kochanski via LCTG <lctg@lists.toku.us> wrote:
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<div><div id="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946"><div dir="ltr">A recent MIT News highlights a recent review paper [open access] on a rating system for new space [potential debris]<div><br clear="none"></div><div><div id="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-publication" style="margin:0px 0px 8px;padding:0px 0px 12px;border-bottom:2px solid rgb(240, 240, 240);width:621px;min-height:106px;color:rgb(31, 31, 31);font-family:ElsevierSans, Arial, Helvetica, Roboto, Sans Sans UI STIXGeneral, Unicode sans-serif;font-size:16px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-Publication"><div style="margin:0px;padding:0px;min-width:60px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-publication-brand yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-u-display-block-from-sm"><a shape="rect" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/acta-astronautica" title="Go to Acta Astronautica on ScienceDirect" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(2, 114, 177);line-height:24px;text-decoration-line:none;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-anchor yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-u-display-flex yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-anchor-primary" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-anchor-text-container"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-bottom-style:solid;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-anchor-text"><img src="https://sdfestaticassets-us-east-1.sciencedirectassets.com/prod/17e1430dd66f5766c3438b259fcb6c12ac811222/image/elsevier-non-solus.svg" alt="Elsevier" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border-style:none;width:auto;max-width:100%;height:auto;display:block;min-height:88px;" 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177);line-height:22px;text-decoration-line:none;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-anchor yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-anchor-primary" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-anchor-text-container"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-bottom-style:solid;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-anchor-text">Volume 232</span></span></a>, July 2025, Pages 622-632</div></div><div style="margin:0px;padding:0px;min-width:60px;vertical-align:top;text-align:right;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-publication-cover yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-u-display-block-from-sm"><a shape="rect" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/acta-astronautica/vol/232/suppl/C" 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class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-react-xocs-alternative-link"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-given-name">Moriba</span> <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-text yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-surname">Jah</span> </span><span id="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-baff3" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-author-ref"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline;">c</span></span></span></span></button>, <button style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-radius:0px;border-width:initial;border-style:none;border-color:initial;color:rgb(31, 31, 31);" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-secondary yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-underline"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-text-container"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border-bottom:0.8px solid rgb(31,31,31);" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-text"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-react-xocs-alternative-link"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-given-name">Simon</span> <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-text yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-surname">Potter</span> </span><span id="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-baff4" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-author-ref"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline;">d</span></span></span></span></button>, <button style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-radius:0px;border-width:initial;border-style:none;border-color:initial;color:rgb(31, 31, 31);" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-secondary yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-underline"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-text-container"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border-bottom:0.8px solid rgb(31,31,31);" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-text"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-react-xocs-alternative-link"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-given-name">Nikolai</span> <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-text yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-surname">Khlystov</span> </span><span id="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-baff5" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-author-ref"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline;">e</span></span></span></span></button>, <button style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-radius:0px;border-width:initial;border-style:none;border-color:initial;color:rgb(31, 31, 31);" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-secondary yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-underline"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-text-container"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border-bottom:0.8px solid rgb(31,31,31);" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-text"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-react-xocs-alternative-link"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-given-name">Kristi</span> <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-text yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-surname">Acuff</span> </span><span id="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-baff1" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-author-ref"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline;">a</span></span></span></span></button>, <button style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-radius:0px;border-width:initial;border-style:none;border-color:initial;color:rgb(31, 31, 31);" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-secondary yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-underline"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-text-container"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border-bottom:0.8px solid rgb(31,31,31);" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-text"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-react-xocs-alternative-link"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-given-name">Miles</span> <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-text yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-surname">Lifson</span> </span><span id="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-baff6" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-author-ref"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline;">f</span></span></span></span></button>, <button style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-radius:0px;border-width:initial;border-style:none;border-color:initial;color:rgb(31, 31, 31);" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-secondary yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-underline"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-text-container"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border-bottom:0.8px solid rgb(31,31,31);" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-text"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-react-xocs-alternative-link"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-given-name">Scott</span> <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-text yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-surname">Dorrington</span> </span><span id="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-baff1" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-author-ref"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline;">a</span></span></span></span></button>, <button style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-radius:0px;border-width:initial;border-style:none;border-color:initial;color:rgb(31, 31, 31);" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-secondary yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-underline"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-text-container"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border-bottom:0.8px solid rgb(31,31,31);" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-text"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-react-xocs-alternative-link"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-given-name">Sina</span> <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-text yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-surname">Es haghi</span> </span><span id="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-baff1" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-author-ref"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline;">a</span></span></span></span></button>, <button style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-radius:0px;border-width:initial;border-style:none;border-color:initial;color:rgb(31, 31, 31);" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-secondary yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-underline"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-text-container"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border-bottom:0.8px solid rgb(31,31,31);" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-text"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-react-xocs-alternative-link"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-given-name">Emmanuelle</span> <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-text yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-surname">David</span> </span><span id="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-baff7" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-author-ref"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline;">g</span></span></span></span></button>, <button style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-radius:0px;border-width:initial;border-style:none;border-color:initial;color:rgb(31, 31, 31);" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-secondary yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-underline"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-text-container"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border-bottom:0.8px solid rgb(31,31,31);" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-text"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-react-xocs-alternative-link"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-given-name">Jean-Paul</span> <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-text yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-surname">Kneib</span> </span><span id="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-baff7" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-author-ref"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline;">g</span></span></span></span></button>, <button style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-radius:0px;border-width:initial;border-style:none;border-color:initial;color:rgb(31, 31, 31);" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-secondary yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-underline"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-text-container"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border-bottom:0.8px solid rgb(31,31,31);" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-button-link-text"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-react-xocs-alternative-link"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-given-name">Danielle</span> <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-text yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-surname">Wood</span> </span><span id="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-baff1" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-author-ref"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline;">a</span></span></span></span></button><dl style="margin:22px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(112,112,112);vertical-align:top;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-affiliation"><dt style="margin:0px;padding:0px;clear:left;float:left;width:2.3em;text-align:right;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline;">a</span></dt><dd style="margin:0px 0px 0px 3em;padding:0px;">Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Lab, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States</dd></dl><dl style="margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(112,112,112);vertical-align:top;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-affiliation"><dt style="margin:0px;padding:0px;clear:left;float:left;width:2.3em;text-align:right;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline;">b</span></dt><dd style="margin:0px 0px 0px 3em;padding:0px;">European Space Agency, Keplerlaan 1, 2201, AZ, Noordwijk, the Netherlands</dd></dl><dl style="margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(112,112,112);vertical-align:top;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-affiliation"><dt style="margin:0px;padding:0px;clear:left;float:left;width:2.3em;text-align:right;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline;">c</span></dt><dd style="margin:0px 0px 0px 3em;padding:0px;">Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 E 24th St, Room 3.446, Austin, TX, 78712, United States</dd></dl><dl style="margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(112,112,112);vertical-align:top;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-affiliation"><dt style="margin:0px;padding:0px;clear:left;float:left;width:2.3em;text-align:right;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline;">d</span></dt><dd style="margin:0px 0px 0px 3em;padding:0px;">BryceTech, One Ground Floor 3 London Square, Cross Lanes, Guildford, Surrey, England, United Kingdom</dd></dl><dl style="margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(112,112,112);vertical-align:top;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-affiliation"><dt style="margin:0px;padding:0px;clear:left;float:left;width:2.3em;text-align:right;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline;">e</span></dt><dd style="margin:0px 0px 0px 3em;padding:0px;">World Economic Forum, Rte de la Capite 91/93, 1223, Cologny, Switzerland</dd></dl><dl style="margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(112,112,112);vertical-align:top;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-affiliation"><dt style="margin:0px;padding:0px;clear:left;float:left;width:2.3em;text-align:right;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline;">f</span></dt><dd style="margin:0px 0px 0px 3em;padding:0px;">The Aerospace Corporation, 2011 Crystal Dr, Arlington, VA, 22202, United States</dd></dl><dl style="margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(112,112,112);vertical-align:top;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-affiliation"><dt style="margin:0px;padding:0px;clear:left;float:left;width:2.3em;text-align:right;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline;">g</span></dt><dd style="margin:0px 0px 0px 3em;padding:0px;">École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) eSpace, Rte Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland</dd></dl></div></div><p style="margin:0px 0px 16px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-u-margin-s-bottom">Received 27 March 2025, Accepted 28 March 2025, Available online 3 April 2025, Version of Record 10 April 2025.</p><p style="margin:0px 0px 16px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-u-margin-s-bottom"><button 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16px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-u-margin-s-bottom">The growing number of human-made space objects increases collision and debris risks.</div></li><li style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-react-xocs-list-item"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;text-align:right;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-list-label"><a shape="rect" href="https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/271447/1-s2.0-S0094576525X2004X/1-s2.0-S0094576525001900/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEJL%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIAsJ%2BapqvYrH5yufUAJ494Bx%2FqZiCAd%2Fi8bV9PRjVdn0AiEA8SIZ%2F2hCO1Eo7kyriOyf0kKsNzqfPOQcd1u429%2FYYDwqsgUISxAFGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDHRN7xHsquXTXyMxqiqPBUtVIWZ6%2F3qtEDh%2F8661b%2FCWIwW7csp%2FXprLuWzq8JtJeeV%2B%2F2qQaCT6qzGpij3tM8qtil2lvEVOIW0yqXfL2C5NW8PYkiutNw7t6oNsXPyrt7LgRQ4Swpelj2Kwb%2FvBnEdhW3FpNRw61XsWzZbaWroHtwUmV4ZIKjHv%2FJrp0aWKEjWHohwHf69g7a9CcFh0GthTGwp%2BxKaL0NAUIepMDGTEzYpa%2Blpc1%2BgvuCcG6nWjLxO1DZb91TmYis36%2Frt2cGS%2BI89OcqQ7otR%2FEW3nlQjZXoW%2BvPam9m28kSWdHck4qLM9IOzin79yMsdkEf5RbDIV2HB1AljmpQ4Tn%2F1fvvKSHJYDgINTgF%2FfXzaaIWml0frfht76xY4Jcj9ijHXJhExmdj0PP2Ho2sp6vOWy5EYotoD6rMsxBeAKAuShRQCgY5rYYqVNdf5SNeD8BC%2FckAfTOQ74viWn2wYvtH3KmUSGESYml5SBrerBMpyykFdIwHaksbKkH%2BdQElNLzLaxOK3TTSwXtFKVHVY4vkdrYabVnmYvNaul4yqQOpQoXu42g8yauGzDuJBfJSyYkCINuiRWDef%2B3lujmyotYio5TqHhi5Ti1LGN%2Fbk1%2ByvtDEmUnAOHYk6mL0tFYboznCLhPyODHRnEokLrkGgVuJ0K2HHzHyzNnDgNNKkNeu4iyaqsSUCw0jL9HHTWV6dOu1B9V%2BPSBxj7BTpZoMJU5V7nwERVP4kqIRRQMYsN%2Bfuqo347POvk4gGq%2FUuUqvg95jyHSkX0fBhBwq1j6GZ2ZS5r663StBHUt9qUQDSi5f8NzS7m1ABwcZPjeAXbl%2Fu9dfAO%2B4riCVesKJPucXXvZiMfww6e%2FQgGct7WunrQ9bTJkK0wmvWdwQY6sQGHOpYVikCwNH2b46xX2TuHn2IpdNakIwJEbtofkFi8EwO%2FmVeWTLJhDbcPPpuCi6T43rKIDOh3NZDrJPC1Viv%2FAcCPnhk9VxKb309ouSUrYpVMR9r7p259ByjYsnHilYlXMybvPnKoXRDRzuvS9Lcaw6om9OX2OlnsPKUI%2BpSCTO%2FZ1o6Tlk4OY03DyNPbAY30Dn5nJxnxlf4Qy3aLUv6GmZKE2tRYkl3srXCZlFaFrvs%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20250516T180821Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYZPEIFDG4%2F20250516%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=6388579bdeef9fdcd1100e03a78dfdd7d06a9a8f47f3eebddc650d90e88ef4cc&hash=386d3f2366b4dc38be1671494c6f58127625cc0a3812f2cb1f116600f81194f9&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S0094576525001900&tid=spdf-fe82b733-594c-4daf-afe7-641b4ba6f555&sid=eac7b1fb89107140ce5b17a5695d0d262b8egxrqa&type=client&tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&rh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&ua=0f155b5152040652065b51&rr=940cd1e41a4d9062&cc=us" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SSR </a>•</span><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;min-width:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-list-content"></span><div id="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-p0015" style="margin:0px 0px 16px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-u-margin-s-bottom">Operators should be incentivized to follow guidelines and limit space debris.</div></li><li style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-react-xocs-list-item"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;text-align:right;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-list-label">•</span><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;min-width:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-list-content"></span><div id="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-p0020" style="margin:0px 0px 16px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-u-margin-s-bottom">Actions can be taken to reduce space debris in each phase of a space mission.</div></li><li style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-react-xocs-list-item"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;text-align:right;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-list-label">•</span><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;min-width:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-list-content"></span><div id="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-p0025" style="margin:0px 0px 16px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-u-margin-s-bottom">Space Sustainability Rating, a non-profit, evaluates mission debris creation risks.</div></li><li style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-react-xocs-list-item"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;text-align:right;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-list-label">•</span><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;min-width:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-list-content"></span><div id="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-p0030" style="margin:0px 0px 16px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-u-margin-s-bottom">SSR evaluates missions in six areas that measure the impact on the space environment.</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-abs0010" lang="en" style="margin:0px 0px 8px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-abstract yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-author"><h2 style="margin:32px 0px 8px;padding:0px;font-weight:normal;font-size:20px;line-height:30px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-section-title yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-u-h4 yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-u-margin-l-top yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-u-margin-xs-bottom">Abstract</h2><div id="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-abssec0010" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;"><div id="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-abspara0010" style="margin:0px 0px 16px;padding:0px;" class="yiv9005433828ydp71d46a9yiv3927645576ydpd3ee9f60yiv1566149946gmail-u-margin-s-bottom">The rapid growth in satellite deployments, particularly with the emergence of large constellations, has amplified concerns over the sustainability of the orbital environment. Space mission operators can utilize different mechanisms during the design and operation of their missions to adhere to space sustainability best practices. This paper presents the Space Sustainability Rating (SSR), a novel initiative developed to incentivize satellite operators to adopt sustainable practices throughout mission lifecycles, and provides an overview of its history, design, and implementation. The SSR is a composite indicator that evaluates missions across multiple dimensions, including debris mitigation, collision avoidance, and data-sharing practices, providing operators with actionable feedback and recognition for their contributions to space sustainability. Drawing on methodologies from successful sustainability rating systems in other industries, such as LEED, the SSR combines simulations, questionnaires, and evidence verification to assess compliance with best sustainable practices. The rating framework is structured into six main modules, complemented by an overarching verification module, and is applicable across all mission phases. This paper discusses the challenges addressed by the SSR, its alignment with international debris mitigation guidelines, and its role in fostering voluntary sustainable behavior among space operators.</div></div></div></div></div><div><a shape="rect" href="https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/271447/1-s2.0-S0094576525X2004X/1-s2.0-S0094576525001900/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEJL%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIAsJ%2BapqvYrH5yufUAJ494Bx%2FqZiCAd%2Fi8bV9PRjVdn0AiEA8SIZ%2F2hCO1Eo7kyriOyf0kKsNzqfPOQcd1u429%2FYYDwqsgUISxAFGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDHRN7xHsquXTXyMxqiqPBUtVIWZ6%2F3qtEDh%2F8661b%2FCWIwW7csp%2FXprLuWzq8JtJeeV%2B%2F2qQaCT6qzGpij3tM8qtil2lvEVOIW0yqXfL2C5NW8PYkiutNw7t6oNsXPyrt7LgRQ4Swpelj2Kwb%2FvBnEdhW3FpNRw61XsWzZbaWroHtwUmV4ZIKjHv%2FJrp0aWKEjWHohwHf69g7a9CcFh0GthTGwp%2BxKaL0NAUIepMDGTEzYpa%2Blpc1%2BgvuCcG6nWjLxO1DZb91TmYis36%2Frt2cGS%2BI89OcqQ7otR%2FEW3nlQjZXoW%2BvPam9m28kSWdHck4qLM9IOzin79yMsdkEf5RbDIV2HB1AljmpQ4Tn%2F1fvvKSHJYDgINTgF%2FfXzaaIWml0frfht76xY4Jcj9ijHXJhExmdj0PP2Ho2sp6vOWy5EYotoD6rMsxBeAKAuShRQCgY5rYYqVNdf5SNeD8BC%2FckAfTOQ74viWn2wYvtH3KmUSGESYml5SBrerBMpyykFdIwHaksbKkH%2BdQElNLzLaxOK3TTSwXtFKVHVY4vkdrYabVnmYvNaul4yqQOpQoXu42g8yauGzDuJBfJSyYkCINuiRWDef%2B3lujmyotYio5TqHhi5Ti1LGN%2Fbk1%2ByvtDEmUnAOHYk6mL0tFYboznCLhPyODHRnEokLrkGgVuJ0K2HHzHyzNnDgNNKkNeu4iyaqsSUCw0jL9HHTWV6dOu1B9V%2BPSBxj7BTpZoMJU5V7nwERVP4kqIRRQMYsN%2Bfuqo347POvk4gGq%2FUuUqvg95jyHSkX0fBhBwq1j6GZ2ZS5r663StBHUt9qUQDSi5f8NzS7m1ABwcZPjeAXbl%2Fu9dfAO%2B4riCVesKJPucXXvZiMfww6e%2FQgGct7WunrQ9bTJkK0wmvWdwQY6sQGHOpYVikCwNH2b46xX2TuHn2IpdNakIwJEbtofkFi8EwO%2FmVeWTLJhDbcPPpuCi6T43rKIDOh3NZDrJPC1Viv%2FAcCPnhk9VxKb309ouSUrYpVMR9r7p259ByjYsnHilYlXMybvPnKoXRDRzuvS9Lcaw6om9OX2OlnsPKUI%2BpSCTO%2FZ1o6Tlk4OY03DyNPbAY30Dn5nJxnxlf4Qy3aLUv6GmZKE2tRYkl3srXCZlFaFrvs%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20250516T180821Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYZPEIFDG4%2F20250516%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=6388579bdeef9fdcd1100e03a78dfdd7d06a9a8f47f3eebddc650d90e88ef4cc&hash=386d3f2366b4dc38be1671494c6f58127625cc0a3812f2cb1f116600f81194f9&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S0094576525001900&tid=spdf-fe82b733-594c-4daf-afe7-641b4ba6f555&sid=eac7b1fb89107140ce5b17a5695d0d262b8egxrqa&type=client&tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&rh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&ua=0f155b5152040652065b51&rr=940cd1e41a4d9062&cc=us" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SSR</a><br clear="none"></div><div><br clear="none"></div><div><br clear="none"></div><div>Ted</div><div><br clear="none"></div></div>
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