<div dir="ltr">A recent MIT News highlights a recent review paper [open access] on a rating system for new space [potential debris]<div><br></div><div><div class="gmail-Publication" id="gmail-publication" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px 0px 8px;padding:0px 0px 12px;border-bottom:2px solid rgb(240,240,240);width:621px;min-height:106px;display:flex;color:rgb(31,31,31);font-family:ElsevierSans,Arial,Helvetica,Roboto,"Lucida Sans Unicode","Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI Symbol",STIXGeneral,"Cambria Math","Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif;font-size:16px"><div class="gmail-publication-brand gmail-u-display-block-from-sm" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;min-width:60px"><a class="gmail-anchor gmail-u-display-flex gmail-anchor-primary" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/acta-astronautica" title="Go to Acta Astronautica on ScienceDirect" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);word-break:break-word;color:rgb(2,114,177);line-height:24px;text-decoration-line:none;display:flex"><span class="gmail-anchor-text-container" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span class="gmail-anchor-text" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;border-bottom:2px solid rgba(0,0,0,0)"><img class="gmail-publication-brand-image" src="https://sdfestaticassets-us-east-1.sciencedirectassets.com/prod/17e1430dd66f5766c3438b259fcb6c12ac811222/image/elsevier-non-solus.svg" alt="Elsevier" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; width: auto; max-width: 100%; height: auto; display: block; max-height: 88px;"></span></span></a></div><div class="gmail-publication-volume gmail-u-text-center" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:auto;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;max-width:500px;text-align:center"><h2 class="gmail-publication-title gmail-u-h3" id="gmail-publication-title" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;font-weight:normal;font-size:24px;line-height:32px"><a class="gmail-anchor gmail-anchor-secondary gmail-publication-title-link" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/acta-astronautica" title="Go to Acta Astronautica on ScienceDirect" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);word-break:break-word;color:rgb(31,31,31);line-height:32px;text-decoration-line:none;outline-width:0px"><span class="gmail-anchor-text-container" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span class="gmail-anchor-text" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;border-bottom:2px solid rgb(235,101,0)">Acta Astronautica</span></span></a></h2><div class="gmail-text-xs" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:14px;line-height:22px"><a class="gmail-anchor gmail-anchor-primary" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/acta-astronautica/vol/232/suppl/C" title="Go to table of contents for this volume/issue" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);word-break:break-word;color:rgb(2,114,177);line-height:22px;text-decoration-line:none"><span class="gmail-anchor-text-container" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span class="gmail-anchor-text" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;border-bottom:2px solid rgba(0,0,0,0)">Volume 232</span></span></a>, July 2025, Pages 622-632</div></div><div class="gmail-publication-cover gmail-u-display-block-from-sm" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;min-width:60px;vertical-align:top;text-align:right"><a class="gmail-anchor gmail-u-display-flex gmail-anchor-primary" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/acta-astronautica/vol/232/suppl/C" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);word-break:break-word;color:rgb(2,114,177);line-height:24px;text-decoration-line:none;display:flex"><span class="gmail-anchor-text-container" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span class="gmail-anchor-text" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;border-bottom:2px solid rgba(0,0,0,0)"><img class="gmail-publication-cover-image" src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0094576525X2004X-cov150h.gif" alt="Acta Astronautica" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(184, 184, 184); width: auto; max-width: 100%; height: auto; display: block; max-height: 88px;"></span></span></a></div></div><h1 id="gmail-screen-reader-main-title" class="gmail-Head gmail-u-font-serif gmail-u-h2 gmail-u-margin-s-ver" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:16px 0px;padding:0px;word-break:break-word;color:rgb(31,31,31);font-size:32px;font-weight:normal;line-height:42px;font-family:ElsevierGulliver,Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,STIXGeneral,"Cambria Math","Lucida Sans Unicode","Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI Symbol","Arial Unicode MS",serif,sans-serif"><span class="gmail-title-text" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px">Space sustainability rating: Designing a composite indicator to incentivize satellite operators to pursue long-term sustainability of the space environment</span></h1><div class="gmail-Banner" id="gmail-banner" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px 0px 8px;padding:0px;color:rgb(31,31,31);font-family:ElsevierSans,Arial,Helvetica,Roboto,"Lucida Sans Unicode","Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI Symbol",STIXGeneral,"Cambria Math","Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif;font-size:16px"><div class="gmail-wrapper" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><div style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"></div><div class="gmail-AuthorGroups" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><div class="gmail-author-group" id="gmail-author-group" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px 0px 22px;padding:0px"><span class="gmail-sr-only" style="box-sizing:border-box;padding:0px;border:0px;height:1px;overflow:hidden;width:1px">Author links open overlay panel</span><button class="gmail-button-link gmail-button-link-secondary gmail-button-link-underline" type="button" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:16px;font-variant-numeric:lining-nums;line-height:24px;overflow:visible;border-radius:0px;border-width:initial;border-style:none;border-color:initial;display:inline-flex;color:rgb(31,31,31)"><span class="gmail-button-link-text-container" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span class="gmail-button-link-text" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;border-bottom:0.8px solid rgb(31,31,31)"><span class="gmail-react-xocs-alternative-link" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span class="gmail-given-name" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px">Minoo</span> <span class="gmail-text gmail-surname" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px">Rathnasabapathy</span> </span><span class="gmail-author-ref" id="gmail-baff1" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline">a</span></span></span></span></button>, <button class="gmail-button-link gmail-button-link-secondary gmail-button-link-underline" type="button" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:16px;font-variant-numeric:lining-nums;line-height:24px;overflow:visible;border-radius:0px;border-width:initial;border-style:none;border-color:initial;display:inline-flex;color:rgb(31,31,31)"><span class="gmail-button-link-text-container" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span class="gmail-button-link-text" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;border-bottom:0.8px solid rgb(31,31,31)"><span class="gmail-react-xocs-alternative-link" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span class="gmail-given-name" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px">Francesca</span> <span class="gmail-text gmail-surname" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px">Letizia</span> </span><span class="gmail-author-ref" id="gmail-baff2" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline">b</span></span></span></span></button>, <button class="gmail-button-link gmail-button-link-secondary gmail-button-link-underline" type="button" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:16px;font-variant-numeric:lining-nums;line-height:24px;overflow:visible;border-radius:0px;border-width:initial;border-style:none;border-color:initial;display:inline-flex;color:rgb(31,31,31)"><span class="gmail-button-link-text-container" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span class="gmail-button-link-text" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;border-bottom:0.8px solid rgb(31,31,31)"><span class="gmail-react-xocs-alternative-link" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span class="gmail-given-name" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px">Stijn</span> <span class="gmail-text gmail-surname" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px">Lemmens</span> </span><span class="gmail-author-ref" id="gmail-baff2" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline">b</span></span></span></span></button>, <button class="gmail-button-link gmail-button-link-secondary gmail-button-link-underline" type="button" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:16px;font-variant-numeric:lining-nums;line-height:24px;overflow:visible;border-radius:0px;border-width:initial;border-style:none;border-color:initial;display:inline-flex;color:rgb(31,31,31)"><span class="gmail-button-link-text-container" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span class="gmail-button-link-text" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;border-bottom:0.8px solid rgb(31,31,31)"><span class="gmail-react-xocs-alternative-link" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span class="gmail-given-name" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px">Moriba</span> <span class="gmail-text gmail-surname" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px">Jah</span> </span><span class="gmail-author-ref" id="gmail-baff3" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline">c</span></span></span></span></button>, <button class="gmail-button-link gmail-button-link-secondary gmail-button-link-underline" type="button" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:16px;font-variant-numeric:lining-nums;line-height:24px;overflow:visible;border-radius:0px;border-width:initial;border-style:none;border-color:initial;display:inline-flex;color:rgb(31,31,31)"><span class="gmail-button-link-text-container" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span class="gmail-button-link-text" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;border-bottom:0.8px solid rgb(31,31,31)"><span class="gmail-react-xocs-alternative-link" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span class="gmail-given-name" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px">Simon</span> <span class="gmail-text gmail-surname" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px">Potter</span> </span><span class="gmail-author-ref" id="gmail-baff4" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline">d</span></span></span></span></button>, <button class="gmail-button-link gmail-button-link-secondary gmail-button-link-underline" type="button" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:16px;font-variant-numeric:lining-nums;line-height:24px;overflow:visible;border-radius:0px;border-width:initial;border-style:none;border-color:initial;display:inline-flex;color:rgb(31,31,31)"><span class="gmail-button-link-text-container" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span class="gmail-button-link-text" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;border-bottom:0.8px solid rgb(31,31,31)"><span class="gmail-react-xocs-alternative-link" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span class="gmail-given-name" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px">Nikolai</span> <span class="gmail-text gmail-surname" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px">Khlystov</span> </span><span class="gmail-author-ref" id="gmail-baff5" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline">e</span></span></span></span></button>, <button class="gmail-button-link gmail-button-link-secondary gmail-button-link-underline" type="button" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:16px;font-variant-numeric:lining-nums;line-height:24px;overflow:visible;border-radius:0px;border-width:initial;border-style:none;border-color:initial;display:inline-flex;color:rgb(31,31,31)"><span class="gmail-button-link-text-container" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span class="gmail-button-link-text" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;border-bottom:0.8px solid rgb(31,31,31)"><span class="gmail-react-xocs-alternative-link" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span class="gmail-given-name" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px">Kristi</span> <span class="gmail-text gmail-surname" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px">Acuff</span> </span><span class="gmail-author-ref" id="gmail-baff1" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline">a</span></span></span></span></button>, <button class="gmail-button-link gmail-button-link-secondary gmail-button-link-underline" type="button" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:16px;font-variant-numeric:lining-nums;line-height:24px;overflow:visible;border-radius:0px;border-width:initial;border-style:none;border-color:initial;display:inline-flex;color:rgb(31,31,31)"><span class="gmail-button-link-text-container" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span class="gmail-button-link-text" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;border-bottom:0.8px solid rgb(31,31,31)"><span class="gmail-react-xocs-alternative-link" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span class="gmail-given-name" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px">Miles</span> <span class="gmail-text gmail-surname" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px">Lifson</span> </span><span class="gmail-author-ref" id="gmail-baff6" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline">f</span></span></span></span></button>, <button class="gmail-button-link gmail-button-link-secondary gmail-button-link-underline" type="button" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:16px;font-variant-numeric:lining-nums;line-height:24px;overflow:visible;border-radius:0px;border-width:initial;border-style:none;border-color:initial;display:inline-flex;color:rgb(31,31,31)"><span class="gmail-button-link-text-container" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span class="gmail-button-link-text" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;border-bottom:0.8px solid rgb(31,31,31)"><span class="gmail-react-xocs-alternative-link" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span class="gmail-given-name" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px">Scott</span> <span class="gmail-text gmail-surname" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px">Dorrington</span> </span><span class="gmail-author-ref" id="gmail-baff1" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline">a</span></span></span></span></button>, <button class="gmail-button-link gmail-button-link-secondary gmail-button-link-underline" type="button" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:16px;font-variant-numeric:lining-nums;line-height:24px;overflow:visible;border-radius:0px;border-width:initial;border-style:none;border-color:initial;display:inline-flex;color:rgb(31,31,31)"><span class="gmail-button-link-text-container" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span class="gmail-button-link-text" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;border-bottom:0.8px solid rgb(31,31,31)"><span class="gmail-react-xocs-alternative-link" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span class="gmail-given-name" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px">Sina</span> <span class="gmail-text gmail-surname" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px">Es haghi</span> </span><span class="gmail-author-ref" id="gmail-baff1" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline">a</span></span></span></span></button>, <button class="gmail-button-link gmail-button-link-secondary gmail-button-link-underline" type="button" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:16px;font-variant-numeric:lining-nums;line-height:24px;overflow:visible;border-radius:0px;border-width:initial;border-style:none;border-color:initial;display:inline-flex;color:rgb(31,31,31)"><span class="gmail-button-link-text-container" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span class="gmail-button-link-text" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;border-bottom:0.8px solid rgb(31,31,31)"><span class="gmail-react-xocs-alternative-link" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span class="gmail-given-name" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px">Emmanuelle</span> <span class="gmail-text gmail-surname" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px">David</span> </span><span class="gmail-author-ref" id="gmail-baff7" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline">g</span></span></span></span></button>, <button class="gmail-button-link gmail-button-link-secondary gmail-button-link-underline" type="button" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:16px;font-variant-numeric:lining-nums;line-height:24px;overflow:visible;border-radius:0px;border-width:initial;border-style:none;border-color:initial;display:inline-flex;color:rgb(31,31,31)"><span class="gmail-button-link-text-container" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span class="gmail-button-link-text" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;border-bottom:0.8px solid rgb(31,31,31)"><span class="gmail-react-xocs-alternative-link" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span class="gmail-given-name" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px">Jean-Paul</span> <span class="gmail-text gmail-surname" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px">Kneib</span> </span><span class="gmail-author-ref" id="gmail-baff7" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline">g</span></span></span></span></button>, <button class="gmail-button-link gmail-button-link-secondary gmail-button-link-underline" type="button" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:16px;font-variant-numeric:lining-nums;line-height:24px;overflow:visible;border-radius:0px;border-width:initial;border-style:none;border-color:initial;display:inline-flex;color:rgb(31,31,31)"><span class="gmail-button-link-text-container" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span class="gmail-button-link-text" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;border-bottom:0.8px solid rgb(31,31,31)"><span class="gmail-react-xocs-alternative-link" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span class="gmail-given-name" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px">Danielle</span> <span class="gmail-text gmail-surname" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px">Wood</span> </span><span class="gmail-author-ref" id="gmail-baff1" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline">a</span></span></span></span></button><dl class="gmail-affiliation" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:22px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(112,112,112);vertical-align:top"><dt style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;clear:left;float:left;width:2.3em;text-align:right"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline">a</span></dt><dd style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px 0px 0px 3em;padding:0px">Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Lab, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States</dd></dl><dl class="gmail-affiliation" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(112,112,112);vertical-align:top"><dt style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;clear:left;float:left;width:2.3em;text-align:right"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline">b</span></dt><dd style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px 0px 0px 3em;padding:0px">European Space Agency, Keplerlaan 1, 2201, AZ, Noordwijk, the Netherlands</dd></dl><dl class="gmail-affiliation" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(112,112,112);vertical-align:top"><dt style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;clear:left;float:left;width:2.3em;text-align:right"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline">c</span></dt><dd style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px 0px 0px 3em;padding:0px">Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 E 24th St, Room 3.446, Austin, TX, 78712, United States</dd></dl><dl class="gmail-affiliation" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(112,112,112);vertical-align:top"><dt style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;clear:left;float:left;width:2.3em;text-align:right"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline">d</span></dt><dd style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px 0px 0px 3em;padding:0px">BryceTech, One Ground Floor 3 London Square, Cross Lanes, Guildford, Surrey, England, United Kingdom</dd></dl><dl class="gmail-affiliation" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(112,112,112);vertical-align:top"><dt style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;clear:left;float:left;width:2.3em;text-align:right"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline">e</span></dt><dd style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px 0px 0px 3em;padding:0px">World Economic Forum, Rte de la Capite 91/93, 1223, Cologny, Switzerland</dd></dl><dl class="gmail-affiliation" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(112,112,112);vertical-align:top"><dt style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;clear:left;float:left;width:2.3em;text-align:right"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline">f</span></dt><dd style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px 0px 0px 3em;padding:0px">The Aerospace Corporation, 2011 Crystal Dr, Arlington, VA, 22202, United States</dd></dl><dl class="gmail-affiliation" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(112,112,112);vertical-align:top"><dt style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;clear:left;float:left;width:2.3em;text-align:right"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline">g</span></dt><dd style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px 0px 0px 3em;padding:0px">École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) eSpace, Rte Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland</dd></dl></div></div><p class="gmail-u-margin-s-bottom" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px 0px 16px;padding:0px">Received 27 March 2025, Accepted 28 March 2025, Available online 3 April 2025, Version of Record 10 April 2025.</p><p class="gmail-u-margin-s-bottom" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px 0px 16px;padding:0px"><button class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t-label" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-align:right">•</span><span class="gmail-list-content" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;min-width:0px"><div class="gmail-u-margin-s-bottom" id="gmail-p0010" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px 0px 16px;padding:0px">The growing number of human-made space objects increases collision and debris risks.</div></span></li><li class="gmail-react-xocs-list-item" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;display:contents"><span class="gmail-list-label" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-align:right"><a href="https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/271447/1-s2.0-S0094576525X2004X/1-s2.0-S0094576525001900/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEJL%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIAsJ%2BapqvYrH5yufUAJ494Bx%2FqZiCAd%2Fi8bV9PRjVdn0AiEA8SIZ%2F2hCO1Eo7kyriOyf0kKsNzqfPOQcd1u429%2FYYDwqsgUISxAFGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDHRN7xHsquXTXyMxqiqPBUtVIWZ6%2F3qtEDh%2F8661b%2FCWIwW7csp%2FXprLuWzq8JtJeeV%2B%2F2qQaCT6qzGpij3tM8qtil2lvEVOIW0yqXfL2C5NW8PYkiutNw7t6oNsXPyrt7LgRQ4Swpelj2Kwb%2FvBnEdhW3FpNRw61XsWzZbaWroHtwUmV4ZIKjHv%2FJrp0aWKEjWHohwHf69g7a9CcFh0GthTGwp%2BxKaL0NAUIepMDGTEzYpa%2Blpc1%2BgvuCcG6nWjLxO1DZb91TmYis36%2Frt2cGS%2BI89OcqQ7otR%2FEW3nlQjZXoW%2BvPam9m28kSWdHck4qLM9IOzin79yMsdkEf5RbDIV2HB1AljmpQ4Tn%2F1fvvKSHJYDgINTgF%2FfXzaaIWml0frfht76xY4Jcj9ijHXJhExmdj0PP2Ho2sp6vOWy5EYotoD6rMsxBeAKAuShRQCgY5rYYqVNdf5SNeD8BC%2FckAfTOQ74viWn2wYvtH3KmUSGESYml5SBrerBMpyykFdIwHaksbKkH%2BdQElNLzLaxOK3TTSwXtFKVHVY4vkdrYabVnmYvNaul4yqQOpQoXu42g8yauGzDuJBfJSyYkCINuiRWDef%2B3lujmyotYio5TqHhi5Ti1LGN%2Fbk1%2ByvtDEmUnAOHYk6mL0tFYboznCLhPyODHRnEokLrkGgVuJ0K2HHzHyzNnDgNNKkNeu4iyaqsSUCw0jL9HHTWV6dOu1B9V%2BPSBxj7BTpZoMJU5V7nwERVP4kqIRRQMYsN%2Bfuqo347POvk4gGq%2FUuUqvg95jyHSkX0fBhBwq1j6GZ2ZS5r663StBHUt9qUQDSi5f8NzS7m1ABwcZPjeAXbl%2Fu9dfAO%2B4riCVesKJPucXXvZiMfww6e%2FQgGct7WunrQ9bTJkK0wmvWdwQY6sQGHOpYVikCwNH2b46xX2TuHn2IpdNakIwJEbtofkFi8EwO%2FmVeWTLJhDbcPPpuCi6T43rKIDOh3NZDrJPC1Viv%2FAcCPnhk9VxKb309ouSUrYpVMR9r7p259ByjYsnHilYlXMybvPnKoXRDRzuvS9Lcaw6om9OX2OlnsPKUI%2BpSCTO%2FZ1o6Tlk4OY03DyNPbAY30Dn5nJxnxlf4Qy3aLUv6GmZKE2tRYkl3srXCZlFaFrvs%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20250516T180821Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYZPEIFDG4%2F20250516%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=6388579bdeef9fdcd1100e03a78dfdd7d06a9a8f47f3eebddc650d90e88ef4cc&hash=386d3f2366b4dc38be1671494c6f58127625cc0a3812f2cb1f116600f81194f9&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S0094576525001900&tid=spdf-fe82b733-594c-4daf-afe7-641b4ba6f555&sid=eac7b1fb89107140ce5b17a5695d0d262b8egxrqa&type=client&tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&rh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&ua=0f155b5152040652065b51&rr=940cd1e41a4d9062&cc=us">SSR </a>•</span><span class="gmail-list-content" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;min-width:0px"><div class="gmail-u-margin-s-bottom" id="gmail-p0015" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px 0px 16px;padding:0px">Operators should be incentivized to follow guidelines and limit space debris.</div></span></li><li class="gmail-react-xocs-list-item" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;display:contents"><span class="gmail-list-label" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-align:right">•</span><span class="gmail-list-content" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;min-width:0px"><div class="gmail-u-margin-s-bottom" id="gmail-p0020" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px 0px 16px;padding:0px">Actions can be taken to reduce space debris in each phase of a space mission.</div></span></li><li class="gmail-react-xocs-list-item" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;display:contents"><span class="gmail-list-label" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-align:right">•</span><span class="gmail-list-content" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;min-width:0px"><div class="gmail-u-margin-s-bottom" id="gmail-p0025" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px 0px 16px;padding:0px">Space Sustainability Rating, a non-profit, evaluates mission debris creation risks.</div></span></li><li class="gmail-react-xocs-list-item" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;display:contents"><span class="gmail-list-label" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;text-align:right">•</span><span class="gmail-list-content" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;min-width:0px"><div class="gmail-u-margin-s-bottom" id="gmail-p0030" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px 0px 16px;padding:0px">SSR evaluates missions in six areas that measure the impact on the space environment.</div></span></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="gmail-abstract gmail-author" id="gmail-abs0010" lang="en" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px 0px 8px;padding:0px"><h2 class="gmail-section-title gmail-u-h4 gmail-u-margin-l-top gmail-u-margin-xs-bottom" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:32px 0px 8px;padding:0px;font-weight:normal;font-size:20px;line-height:30px">Abstract</h2><div id="gmail-abssec0010" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px"><div class="gmail-u-margin-s-bottom" id="gmail-abspara0010" style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px 0px 16px;padding:0px">The rapid growth in satellite deployments, particularly with the emergence of large constellations, has amplified concerns over the sustainability of the orbital environment. Space mission operators can utilize different mechanisms during the design and operation of their missions to adhere to space sustainability best practices. This paper presents the Space Sustainability Rating (SSR), a novel initiative developed to incentivize satellite operators to adopt sustainable practices throughout mission lifecycles, and provides an overview of its history, design, and implementation. The SSR is a composite indicator that evaluates missions across multiple dimensions, including debris mitigation, collision avoidance, and data-sharing practices, providing operators with actionable feedback and recognition for their contributions to space sustainability. Drawing on methodologies from successful sustainability rating systems in other industries, such as LEED, the SSR combines simulations, questionnaires, and evidence verification to assess compliance with best sustainable practices. The rating framework is structured into six main modules, complemented by an overarching verification module, and is applicable across all mission phases. This paper discusses the challenges addressed by the SSR, its alignment with international debris mitigation guidelines, and its role in fostering voluntary sustainable behavior among space operators.</div></div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/271447/1-s2.0-S0094576525X2004X/1-s2.0-S0094576525001900/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEJL%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIAsJ%2BapqvYrH5yufUAJ494Bx%2FqZiCAd%2Fi8bV9PRjVdn0AiEA8SIZ%2F2hCO1Eo7kyriOyf0kKsNzqfPOQcd1u429%2FYYDwqsgUISxAFGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDHRN7xHsquXTXyMxqiqPBUtVIWZ6%2F3qtEDh%2F8661b%2FCWIwW7csp%2FXprLuWzq8JtJeeV%2B%2F2qQaCT6qzGpij3tM8qtil2lvEVOIW0yqXfL2C5NW8PYkiutNw7t6oNsXPyrt7LgRQ4Swpelj2Kwb%2FvBnEdhW3FpNRw61XsWzZbaWroHtwUmV4ZIKjHv%2FJrp0aWKEjWHohwHf69g7a9CcFh0GthTGwp%2BxKaL0NAUIepMDGTEzYpa%2Blpc1%2BgvuCcG6nWjLxO1DZb91TmYis36%2Frt2cGS%2BI89OcqQ7otR%2FEW3nlQjZXoW%2BvPam9m28kSWdHck4qLM9IOzin79yMsdkEf5RbDIV2HB1AljmpQ4Tn%2F1fvvKSHJYDgINTgF%2FfXzaaIWml0frfht76xY4Jcj9ijHXJhExmdj0PP2Ho2sp6vOWy5EYotoD6rMsxBeAKAuShRQCgY5rYYqVNdf5SNeD8BC%2FckAfTOQ74viWn2wYvtH3KmUSGESYml5SBrerBMpyykFdIwHaksbKkH%2BdQElNLzLaxOK3TTSwXtFKVHVY4vkdrYabVnmYvNaul4yqQOpQoXu42g8yauGzDuJBfJSyYkCINuiRWDef%2B3lujmyotYio5TqHhi5Ti1LGN%2Fbk1%2ByvtDEmUnAOHYk6mL0tFYboznCLhPyODHRnEokLrkGgVuJ0K2HHzHyzNnDgNNKkNeu4iyaqsSUCw0jL9HHTWV6dOu1B9V%2BPSBxj7BTpZoMJU5V7nwERVP4kqIRRQMYsN%2Bfuqo347POvk4gGq%2FUuUqvg95jyHSkX0fBhBwq1j6GZ2ZS5r663StBHUt9qUQDSi5f8NzS7m1ABwcZPjeAXbl%2Fu9dfAO%2B4riCVesKJPucXXvZiMfww6e%2FQgGct7WunrQ9bTJkK0wmvWdwQY6sQGHOpYVikCwNH2b46xX2TuHn2IpdNakIwJEbtofkFi8EwO%2FmVeWTLJhDbcPPpuCi6T43rKIDOh3NZDrJPC1Viv%2FAcCPnhk9VxKb309ouSUrYpVMR9r7p259ByjYsnHilYlXMybvPnKoXRDRzuvS9Lcaw6om9OX2OlnsPKUI%2BpSCTO%2FZ1o6Tlk4OY03DyNPbAY30Dn5nJxnxlf4Qy3aLUv6GmZKE2tRYkl3srXCZlFaFrvs%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20250516T180821Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYZPEIFDG4%2F20250516%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=6388579bdeef9fdcd1100e03a78dfdd7d06a9a8f47f3eebddc650d90e88ef4cc&hash=386d3f2366b4dc38be1671494c6f58127625cc0a3812f2cb1f116600f81194f9&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S0094576525001900&tid=spdf-fe82b733-594c-4daf-afe7-641b4ba6f555&sid=eac7b1fb89107140ce5b17a5695d0d262b8egxrqa&type=client&tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&rh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&ua=0f155b5152040652065b51&rr=940cd1e41a4d9062&cc=us">SSR</a><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>Ted</div><div><br></div></div>