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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple style='word-wrap:break-word'><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal>Pretty neat<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>John Rudy<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>781-861-0402<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>781-718-8334  cell<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>13 Hawthorne Lane<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Bedford MA<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><a href="mailto:jjrudy1@comcast.net"><span style='color:#467886'>jjrudy1@comcast.net</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt'><img border=0 width=124 height=115 style='width:1.2916in;height:1.1927in' id="Picture_x0020_546440759" src="cid:image001.png@01DC0628.22FE1E50"></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> Big Think <bigthinkmedia@substack.com> <br><b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, August 5, 2025 12:02 PM<br><b>To:</b> john.rudy@alum.mit.edu<br><b>Subject:</b> Memory champion explains how she memorizes 1,080 numbers in 30 minutes<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><img border=0 width=1 height=1 style='width:.0104in;height:.0104in' id="_x0000_i1042" src="https://eotrx.substackcdn.com/open?token=eyJtIjoiPDIwMjUwODA1MTYwMTM3LjMuNzc4OGRmZjdjMjJkZDQzNkBtZy1kMC5zdWJzdGFjay5jb20-IiwidSI6MzM3NzkyMzQyLCJyIjoiam9obi5ydWR5QGFsdW0ubWl0LmVkdSIsImQiOiJtZy1kMC5zdWJzdGFjay5jb20iLCJwIjoxNzAxMTA4MzQsInQiOiJuZXdzbGV0dGVyIiwiYSI6ImV2ZXJ5b25lIiwicyI6Mjg2MzE2NywiYyI6InBvc3QiLCJmIjp0cnVlLCJwb3NpdGlvbiI6InRvcCIsImlhdCI6MTc1NDQwOTg1OCwiZXhwIjoxNzU3MDAxODU4LCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMCIsInN1YiI6ImVvIn0.RzVw2iC_9R8tRbVRxrJDjk_jRFDRjcTH1wKqSkIdooQ"><o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-line-height-alt:.75pt'><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'>Katie Kermode — a memory athlete with four world records — tells Big Think about her unique spin on an ancient technique to memorize unfathomably long lists of information.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-line-height-alt:.75pt'><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'>͏</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'>   </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'> </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'> ­</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'>͏</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'>   </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'> </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'> ­</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'>͏</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'>   </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'> </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'> ­</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'>͏</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'>   </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'> </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'> ­</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'>͏</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'>   </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'> </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'> ­</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'>͏</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'>   </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'> </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'> ­</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'>͏</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'>   </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'> </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'> ­</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'>͏</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'>   </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-f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</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'> ­</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'>͏</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'>   </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'> </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'> ­</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'>͏</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'>   </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'> </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'> ­</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'>͏</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'>   </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'> </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'> ­</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'>͏</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'>   </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'> </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'> ­</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'>͏</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'>   </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'> </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'> ­</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'>͏</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'>   </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'> </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'> ­</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'>͏</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'>   </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'> </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'> ­</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'>͏</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'>   </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'> </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'> ­</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'>͏</span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'>   </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'> </span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;color:#333333'> ­<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width="100%" style='width:100.0%'><tr><td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'></td><td width=550 style='width:412.5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'></td><td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'></td></tr><tr><td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'></td><td width=550 style='width:412.5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><div><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width="100%" style='width:100.0%'><tr style='height:15.0pt'><td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;height:15.0pt'><div align=right><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0><tr><td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right;line-height:12.0pt'><span class=pencraft><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Forwarded this email? <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9iaWd0aGlua21lZGlhLnN1YnN0YWNrLmNvbS9zdWJzY3JpYmU_dXRtX3NvdXJjZT1lbWFpbCZ1dG1fY2FtcGFpZ249ZW1haWwtc3Vic2NyaWJlJnI9NWw0MjhtJm5leHQ9aHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZiaWd0aGlua21lZGlhLnN1YnN0YWNrLmNvbSUyRnAlMkZtZW1vcnktY2hhbXBpb24tZXhwbGFpbnMtaG93LXNoZSIsInAiOjE3MDExMDgzNCwicyI6Mjg2MzE2NywiZiI6dHJ1ZSwidSI6MzM3NzkyMzQyLCJpYXQiOjE3NTQ0MDk4NTcsImV4cCI6MjA2OTk4NTg1NywiaXNzIjoicHViLTAiLCJzdWIiOiJsaW5rLXJlZGlyZWN0In0.68BVaiZMDj49nkVAIjbMwyBNNGq_2pBdcL56r3HImE8?">Subscribe here</a> for more</span></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table><div><div><h1 style='margin:0in;line-height:27.0pt'><span style='font-family:Lora;color:#363737'><a href="https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=2863167&post_id=170110834&utm_source=post-email-title&utm_campaign=email-post-title&isFreemail=true&r=5l428m&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjozMzc3OTIzNDIsInBvc3RfaWQiOjE3MDExMDgzNCwiaWF0IjoxNzU0NDA5ODU3LCJleHAiOjE3NTcwMDE4NTcsImlzcyI6InB1Yi0yODYzMTY3Iiwic3ViIjoicG9zdC1yZWFjdGlvbiJ9.woJhfB1BC5X1-0YeMsc3Ii3A1K-WXbTTYfvvGPsesbU"><span style='color:#363737;text-decoration:none'>Memory champion explains how she memorizes 1,080 numbers in 30 minutes</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></h1><h3 style='mso-margin-top-alt:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:18.0pt;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing: antialiased;-webkit-appearance: optimizelegibility;-moz-appearance: optimizelegibility;appearance: optimizelegibility'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#777777;font-weight:normal'>Katie Kermode — a memory athlete with four world records — tells Big Think about her unique spin on an ancient technique to memorize unfathomably long lists of information.<o:p></o:p></span></h3><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width="100%" style='width:100.0%;align-items: center'><tr><td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0><tr><td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0><tr><td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:15.0pt'><span style='font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.15pt'><a href="https://substack.com/@bigthinkmedia"><span style='color:#363737;text-decoration:none'>Big Think</span></a> and <a href="https://substack.com/@stephenpjohnson"><span style='color:#363737;text-decoration:none'>Stephen Johnson</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0><tr><td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:15.0pt'><span style='font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#777777;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.15pt'>Aug 5<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td><td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><div align=right><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0><tr><td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><a href="https://substack.com/@bigthinkmedia"><span style='text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=32 height=32 style='width:.3333in;height:.3333in' id="_x0000_i1041" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TYXN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f821ecf-c4d6-42a4-bb7a-459497c82d32_500x500.jpeg"></span></a><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=4 style='width:3.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;min-width: 4px'></td><td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><a href="https://substack.com/@stephenpjohnson"><span style='text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=32 height=32 style='width:.3333in;height:.3333in' id="_x0000_i1040" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!J6di!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F667dbcc9-7d2c-492b-bffe-4196afec2736_367x367.png"></span></a><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:19.5pt'><span style='display:none'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width="100%" style='width:100.0%;border-top:rgb(0,0,0,.1);border-bottom:rgb(0,0,0,.1);min-width: 100%'><tr style='height:6.0pt'><td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;height:6.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:0%'><span style='font-size:1.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width="100%" style='width:100.0%'><tr><td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0><tr><td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=38 style='width:28.5pt'><tr><td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><a href="https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=2863167&post_id=170110834&utm_source=substack&isFreemail=true&submitLike=true&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjozMzc3OTIzNDIsInBvc3RfaWQiOjE3MDExMDgzNCwicmVhY3Rpb24iOiLinaQiLCJpYXQiOjE3NTQ0MDk4NTcsImV4cCI6MTc1NzAwMTg1NywiaXNzIjoicHViLTI4NjMxNjciLCJzdWIiOiJyZWFjdGlvbiJ9.E5RGusObxLEGsSRALW3BUeVjLFuRXAH8tjb9XlijTqE&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=email-reaction&r=5l428m"><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#777777;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=18 height=18 style='width:.1875in;height:.1875in' id="_x0000_i1039" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PeVs!,w_36,c_scale,f_png,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Ficon%2FLucideHeart%3Fv%3D4%26height%3D36%26fill%3Dnone%26stroke%3D%2523808080%26strokeWidth%3D2"></span></a><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></table></td><td width=8 style='width:6.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;min-width: 8px'></td><td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=38 style='width:28.5pt'><tr><td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><a href="https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=2863167&post_id=170110834&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&isFreemail=true&comments=true&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjozMzc3OTIzNDIsInBvc3RfaWQiOjE3MDExMDgzNCwiaWF0IjoxNzU0NDA5ODU3LCJleHAiOjE3NTcwMDE4NTcsImlzcyI6InB1Yi0yODYzMTY3Iiwic3ViIjoicG9zdC1yZWFjdGlvbiJ9.woJhfB1BC5X1-0YeMsc3Ii3A1K-WXbTTYfvvGPsesbU&r=5l428m&utm_campaign=email-half-magic-comments&action=post-comment&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email"><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#777777;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=18 height=18 style='width:.1875in;height:.1875in' id="_x0000_i1038" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x1tS!,w_36,c_scale,f_png,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Ficon%2FLucideComments%3Fv%3D4%26height%3D36%26fill%3Dnone%26stroke%3D%2523808080%26strokeWidth%3D2"></span></a><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></table></td><td width=8 style='width:6.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;min-width: 8px'></td><td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=38 style='width:28.5pt'><tr><td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><a href="https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=2863167&post_id=170110834&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&utm_campaign=email-share&action=share&triggerShare=true&isFreemail=true&r=5l428m&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjozMzc3OTIzNDIsInBvc3RfaWQiOjE3MDExMDgzNCwiaWF0IjoxNzU0NDA5ODU3LCJleHAiOjE3NTcwMDE4NTcsImlzcyI6InB1Yi0yODYzMTY3Iiwic3ViIjoicG9zdC1yZWFjdGlvbiJ9.woJhfB1BC5X1-0YeMsc3Ii3A1K-WXbTTYfvvGPsesbU"><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#777777;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=18 height=18 style='width:.1875in;height:.1875in' id="_x0000_i1037" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_L14!,w_36,c_scale,f_png,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Ficon%2FLucideShare2%3Fv%3D4%26height%3D36%26fill%3Dnone%26stroke%3D%2523808080%26strokeWidth%3D2"></span></a><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></table></td><td width=8 style='width:6.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;min-width: 8px'></td><td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=38 style='width:28.5pt'><tr><td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><a href="https://substack.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.cq0rHryglkpf7tpAY36iVGQjXJfG78GMLD3P2LuXRLs?&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email"><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#777777;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=18 height=18 style='width:.1875in;height:.1875in' id="_x0000_i1036" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5EGt!,w_36,c_scale,f_png,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Ficon%2FNoteForwardIcon%3Fv%3D4%26height%3D36%26fill%3Dnone%26stroke%3D%2523808080%26strokeWidth%3D2"></span></a><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td><td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><div align=right><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0><tr><td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0><tr><td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-line-height-alt:9.0pt'><a href="https://open.substack.com/pub/bigthinkmedia/p/memory-champion-explains-how-she?utm_source=email&redirect=app-store&utm_campaign=email-read-in-app"><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#777777;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none'><o:p></o:p></span></a></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span class=email-button-text><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#777777;text-transform:uppercase'><a href="https://open.substack.com/pub/bigthinkmedia/p/memory-champion-explains-how-she?utm_source=email&redirect=app-store&utm_campaign=email-read-in-app"><span style='color:#777777;text-decoration:none'>READ IN APP</span><span style='color:#777777;text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=18 height=18 style='width:.1875in;height:.1875in' id="_x0000_i1035" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ET-_!,w_36,c_scale,f_png,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Ficon%2FLucideArrowUpRight%3Fv%3D4%26height%3D36%26fill%3Dnone%26stroke%3D%2523808080%26strokeWidth%3D2"></span></a></span></span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr style='height:6.0pt'><td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;height:6.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:0%'><span style='font-size:1.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr></table></div></div><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width="100%" style='width:100.0%'><tr><td style='padding:12.0pt 0in 19.2pt 0in'></td><td width=1200 style='width:12.5in;padding:12.0pt 0in 19.2pt 0in'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><a href="https://substack.com/redirect/653413f7-332d-40ba-b840-b886a0d832b6?j=eyJ1IjoiNWw0MjhtIn0.yxXc6iZeRiM4s_A2MXJjLBsgQ3NZ1lJvMX09h3MVNnQ" target="_blank"><span style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=550 height=309 style='width:5.7291in;height:3.2135in' id="_x0000_i1034" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PhUr!,w_1100,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Febe8de59-170a-4391-9882-82e66a8b2f37_1200x675.webp"></span></a><o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:12.0pt 0in 19.2pt 0in'></td></tr></table><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:19.5pt'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Katie Kermode / Adobe Stock / collage by Big Think<o:p></o:p></span></p><h5 style='mso-margin-top-alt:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:13.9pt;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing: antialiased;-webkit-appearance: optimizelegibility;-moz-appearance: optimizelegibility;appearance: optimizelegibility'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>By <a href="https://substack.com/@stephenpjohnson"><span style='color:#363737'>Stephen Johnson</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></h5><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:19.5pt'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>What image does the number 693 produce in your mind? For Katie Kermode, who holds four world records in memory championships, the answer is a theatrical showman. She has a mental image handy for all numbers between 1 and 999. The number 522, for instance, makes her visualize red lentils “spilling everywhere.” And 711 conjures a cat.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:19.5pt'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>These images aren’t arbitrarily selected. If you’ve ever wondered how it’s humanly possible for someone to recite 70,030 digits of pi from memory, as Suresh Kumar Sharma did in 2015, the answer is that they’re almost certainly using a mnemonic technique — a strategy that helps you remember and retrieve long lists of information by simplifying it into more relatable or easily visualized concepts.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:19.5pt'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>To memorize numbers, for example, Kermode uses the Ben System (a variation of the widely used Major System), in which each digit represents a particular consonant or vowel sound. These form words when combined: 7 (<em><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>kuh</span></em>) 1 (<em><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>ah</span></em>)<em><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'> </span></em>1 (<em><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>tuh</span></em>) gives you “cat.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:19.5pt'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>Why convert numbers into mental images? The brain has a much easier time recalling images over words, a phenomenon known as the <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/391692b0-ab5d-4f63-81de-405450fbbffb?j=eyJ1IjoiNWw0MjhtIn0.yxXc6iZeRiM4s_A2MXJjLBsgQ3NZ1lJvMX09h3MVNnQ"><span style='color:#EB4B27;text-decoration:none'>picture superiority effect</span></a>. “Numbers are just hard to remember naturally because they’re very abstract,” Kermode said. So, if you tried to memorize and recall the first 100 digits of pi, “You might see a row of digits, but I’m seeing ‘tree,’ ‘cat,’ whatever. [I wouldn’t] remember the order without some sort of technique.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:19.5pt'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>That’s for digits, however. Years before learning her first memory technique (a grade school mnemonic trick to remember the names of the planets), Kermode had a knack for memorization. At three years old, her parents found that she could easily recall the names of football players and the clubs they played for, and later, she was able to easily recall license plates, phone numbers, and the names of kids in school.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:19.5pt'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'><a href="https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9iaWd0aGlua21lZGlhLnN1YnN0YWNrLmNvbS9zdWJzY3JpYmU_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.TzxK4wqVq8wdPmUi_ndjJ72UcVqKJDJLxbEfQj0UGVY?&utm_medium=email&utm_source=subscribe-widget&utm_content=170110834"><b><span style='font-size:10.5pt;color:white;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;background:#EB4B27;text-decoration:none'>Upgrade to paid</span></b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:19.5pt'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>In 2008, Kermode competed in her first memory competition, landing a world record for memorizing 84 unfamiliar names and faces in five minutes. (She later topped that with a new world record of 105.) Today, with <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/225734f8-cb3f-4e24-811d-fc804bbff63d?j=eyJ1IjoiNWw0MjhtIn0.yxXc6iZeRiM4s_A2MXJjLBsgQ3NZ1lJvMX09h3MVNnQ"><span style='color:#EB4B27;text-decoration:none'>numerous records and awards</span></a> under her belt, Kermode is one of the world’s top competitors for names-and-faces and word competitions.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:19.5pt'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>But, perhaps surprisingly, she doesn’t use mnemonic techniques for every memory task. “Especially for names, there’s literally no technique that I use,” Kermode said. “I try not to even think about it.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:19.5pt'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>That’s not to say that performing wild feats of memory is only possible for the naturally gifted. Kermode said many memory athletes never felt they had a strong memory, and some competitors might have a hard time remembering faces and names yet do very well in other competitions, like numbers. Ultimately, anybody can get to a high level in memory sports, Kermode said.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:19.5pt'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>“You have to train, but also ability helps. I think it’s like with any sport: It’s a mixture of the two.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:19.5pt'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>So where should you start if you want to improve your memory abilities? The answer is likely with the strategy used by virtually every memory athlete whom Kermode knows: the <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/d075dbc6-f320-491a-a075-4323ffa47b91?j=eyJ1IjoiNWw0MjhtIn0.yxXc6iZeRiM4s_A2MXJjLBsgQ3NZ1lJvMX09h3MVNnQ"><span style='color:#EB4B27;text-decoration:none'>method of loci</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><h2 style='mso-margin-top-alt:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in;mso-line-height-alt:13.9pt;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing: antialiased;-webkit-appearance: optimizelegibility;-moz-appearance: optimizelegibility;appearance: optimizelegibility'><span style='font-size:19.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>The method of loci<o:p></o:p></span></h2><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:19.5pt'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>Also called the “memory palace” technique, the method of loci was developed by the ancient Greek polymath Simonides of Ceos, who narrowly avoided being crushed to death by a building collapse during a dinner party in the 5th century BC. Simonides came up with the technique after finding he was able to identify the dead by thinking about where each person was seated at the banquet. Spatial location, he realized, is a powerful memory aid.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:19.5pt'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>In 2020, Big Think interviewed the English illusionist Derren Brown about how he uses the technique in his performances to count cards and do other tricks. In essence, the method involves creating a mental map of a familiar place (your house or your neighborhood) and then pairing the information you want to remember with specific locations within that place.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:19.5pt'><a href="https://substack.com/redirect/5e443c1a-2643-404c-9568-88d094a1ce7d?j=eyJ1IjoiNWw0MjhtIn0.yxXc6iZeRiM4s_A2MXJjLBsgQ3NZ1lJvMX09h3MVNnQ" target="_blank"><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=728 height=410 style='width:7.5833in;height:4.2708in' id="_x0000_i1033" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/youtube/w_728,c_limit/l_youtube_play_qyqt8q,w_120/xsqzzW3Yl28"></span></a><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:19.5pt'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>But Kermode, like many memory athletes, uses a modified version of the method. When she wants to remember a long list of digits — like the <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/225734f8-cb3f-4e24-811d-fc804bbff63d?j=eyJ1IjoiNWw0MjhtIn0.yxXc6iZeRiM4s_A2MXJjLBsgQ3NZ1lJvMX09h3MVNnQ"><span style='color:#EB4B27;text-decoration:none'>1,080 numbers she memorized over 30 minutes in a 2017 competition</span></a>, for example — she breaks the numbers into groups of three. Using the phonetic-based Ben System, she converts these three-digit numbers into words and corresponding images: a cat, lentils, a showman. She then visualizes walking through a familiar route within her mental map (she often uses her home) and “places” two images in each predetermined spot along this imaginary stroll.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:19.5pt'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>“I actually do something a little bit different [from] most people, which is [that] I’ve got a fixed person in each location,” Kermode said. “So, in my driveway it’s this guy called Ben, who’s a memory competitor. In my hallway, it’s my nephew… It just helps me link the objects to something rather than just putting them in a location.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:19.5pt'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>Why add people to the mix?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:19.5pt'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>“It’s much more meaningful to have a person to link them to,” Kermode said. “It’s like if you find out a fact about your friend — like a certain friend owns a snake — you know, you’ll remember it. ‘Oh, they own a snake? That’s kind of odd.’ You won’t have to visualize the snake in their house. You’ll just remember it.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:19.5pt'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>Kermode said other competitors use different variations. For example, some people use the scenes of a movie instead of a familiar area. “That’s something that’s not quite the method of loci but it essentially is.” Other memory athletes might not use any version of the Major System to convert the numbers they want to remember into images, or they’ll arbitrarily assign images to certain numbers. “I find that strange, but everybody’s got different brains, different ways of coming up with these strategies.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><h2 style='mso-margin-top-alt:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in;mso-line-height-alt:13.9pt;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing: antialiased;-webkit-appearance: optimizelegibility;-moz-appearance: optimizelegibility;appearance: optimizelegibility'><span style='font-size:19.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>Cognition and memory sports<o:p></o:p></span></h2><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:19.5pt'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>When Kermode encounters the number 711, an image of a cat appears in her mind — the result of training through the Ben System. But Kermode said words and numbers can also spark visualizations and other perceptions completely organically, without any intention or prior training. This seems to be a product of <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/de9060dc-eb44-4dab-b1ee-c331ce44df42?j=eyJ1IjoiNWw0MjhtIn0.yxXc6iZeRiM4s_A2MXJjLBsgQ3NZ1lJvMX09h3MVNnQ"><span style='color:#EB4B27;text-decoration:none'>synesthesia</span></a>, the perceptual phenomenon that blends the senses in unusual ways, such as “seeing colors” when hearing music.<o:p></o:p></span></p><blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #EB4B27 3.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;margin-left:0in;margin-top:15.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt'><h3 style='mso-margin-top-alt:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:15.0pt;mso-line-height-alt:13.9pt;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing: antialiased;-webkit-appearance: optimizelegibility;-moz-appearance: optimizelegibility;appearance: optimizelegibility'><span style='font-size:16.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>“Numbers, to me, have a natural color,” Kermode said.<o:p></o:p></span></h3></blockquote><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:19.5pt'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>The number 2, for example, presents itself as blue. Meanwhile, certain names have different “textures”: The name Penelope comes off as “rounded” while Ethan is “harsh” and “sounds like scratching nails on a fence.” Kermode said she’s only met one or two memory athletes with synesthesia, but noted that “people talk a lot about it” in the memory sports world.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:19.5pt'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>In recent decades, researchers have been investigating synesthesia and its relationship to memory. Some <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/2121ee22-e80d-40ed-b581-f7082f3d3a88?j=eyJ1IjoiNWw0MjhtIn0.yxXc6iZeRiM4s_A2MXJjLBsgQ3NZ1lJvMX09h3MVNnQ"><span style='color:#EB4B27;text-decoration:none'>studies</span></a> (though <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/82fd90e7-87d0-4a0c-9b68-ed69185d2cbb?j=eyJ1IjoiNWw0MjhtIn0.yxXc6iZeRiM4s_A2MXJjLBsgQ3NZ1lJvMX09h3MVNnQ"><span style='color:#EB4B27;text-decoration:none'>not all</span></a>) suggest that synesthetes have better memory abilities than the general population, at least in certain memory tasks. Why? It’s not completely clear, but one explanation may be that synesthetes naturally form the kind of vivid, multisensory mnemonic associations that others have to cultivate to enhance memory.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:19.5pt'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>Beyond questions over synesthesia or inherent abilities, Kermode noted that there’s a big push in the memory sports world to emphasize that “anybody can do this.” And she agrees, mentioning that she knows memory athletes who have built up their abilities “from scratch.” A 2017 study published in <em><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'><a href="https://substack.com/redirect/b8b8661b-5892-48b4-aaa6-8e19294e9baa?j=eyJ1IjoiNWw0MjhtIn0.yxXc6iZeRiM4s_A2MXJjLBsgQ3NZ1lJvMX09h3MVNnQ"><span style='color:#EB4B27;text-decoration:none'>Neuron</span></a> </span></em>supports this idea, noting that high-level memory abilities “do not seem to be associated with extraordinary brain anatomy or general cognitive superiority, but they are acquired through deliberate training in mnemonic strategies.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:19.5pt'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>“[Especially for] memorizing numbers — there are techniques you can use,” Kermode said. “It’s not really something you need natural ability for.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:19.5pt'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>But like any sport, Kermode believes natural advantage is not a factor to be ignored, in part because she hopes researchers will continue to study the mechanisms behind memory.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:19.5pt'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>“Because I was able to get a world record on my first competition, it’s never really been a doubt in my mind that I must have some sort of natural ability,” she said. “Of course, I don’t like to go around saying, ‘Hey, I’ve got some natural ability!’ But it’s just a fact.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:19.5pt'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>Kermode, who works as a software developer in England and created the memorization and recall software used at IAM World Memory Championships and other competitions, hopes to compete in more face-to-face memory competitions soon, noting that the pandemic had halted many in-person contests. In the meantime, she’s working on a four-digit system that pairs specific images with all numbers up to 10,000.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:19.5pt'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>As for what people often get wrong or might not know about memory sports?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:19.5pt'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>“I think one misconception that people have is they think it’s really boring — sitting looking at a row of digits, for instance,” Kermode said. “But what perhaps people don’t realize is we’re turning them into objects and people, and we’re making these really cool stories… When I’m going through my locations, they’re usually places I’ve been on holiday or vacation. I’m thinking of these really amazing places and sort of making things happen in those locations and it’s very creative. It’s actually quite fun.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=button-wrapper align=center style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:19.5pt;cursor:pointer;border-radius: 4px'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'><a href="https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=2863167&post_id=170110834&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&utm_campaign=email-share&action=share&triggerShare=true&isFreemail=true&r=5l428m&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjozMzc3OTIzNDIsInBvc3RfaWQiOjE3MDExMDgzNCwiaWF0IjoxNzU0NDA5ODU3LCJleHAiOjE3NTcwMDE4NTcsImlzcyI6InB1Yi0yODYzMTY3Iiwic3ViIjoicG9zdC1yZWFjdGlvbiJ9.woJhfB1BC5X1-0YeMsc3Ii3A1K-WXbTTYfvvGPsesbU"><b><span style='font-size:10.5pt;color:white;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;background:#EB4B27;text-decoration:none'>Share</span></b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><div style='border-top:solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;margin-top:24.0pt'><p align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:24.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:24.0pt;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:19.5pt'><i><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>Get even more Big Think content:<br><a href="https://substack.com/redirect/38794483-dfc2-40c7-9344-3816fa47919b?j=eyJ1IjoiNWw0MjhtIn0.yxXc6iZeRiM4s_A2MXJjLBsgQ3NZ1lJvMX09h3MVNnQ"><span style='color:#EB4B27;text-decoration:none'>Mini Philosophy</span></a> | <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/f6d80e90-2494-44a3-bf22-583bc1cc674b?j=eyJ1IjoiNWw0MjhtIn0.yxXc6iZeRiM4s_A2MXJjLBsgQ3NZ1lJvMX09h3MVNnQ"><span style='color:#EB4B27;text-decoration:none'>Big Think Business</span></a> | <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/3f7391f0-cbf6-4750-8977-d13783e6643a?j=eyJ1IjoiNWw0MjhtIn0.yxXc6iZeRiM4s_A2MXJjLBsgQ3NZ1lJvMX09h3MVNnQ"><span style='color:#EB4B27;text-decoration:none'>Starts with a Bang</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></i></p></div><div style='margin-top:12.0pt'><div style='margin-top:21.0pt;margin-bottom:21.0pt'><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width="100%" style='width:100.0%'><tr><td width=52 valign=top style='width:39.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:19.5pt'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'><a href="https://substack.com/profile/131243514-stephen-johnson"><span style='font-family:"Aptos",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></a></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:19.5pt'><a href="https://substack.com/profile/131243514-stephen-johnson"><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=104 height=104 style='width:1.0833in;height:1.0833in' id="_x0000_i1032" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!J6di!,w_104,h_104,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F667dbcc9-7d2c-492b-bffe-4196afec2736_367x367.png"></span><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'><o:p></o:p></span></a></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:19.5pt'><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></td><td valign=top style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><div style='margin-left:12.0pt'><div style='margin-bottom:7.5pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:12.0pt'><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'>A guest post by<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width="100%" style='width:100.0%'><tr><td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#363737'><a href="https://substack.com/@stephenpjohnson?utm_campaign=guest_post_bio&utm_medium=email"><b><span style='color:#363737;text-decoration:none'>Stephen Johnson</span></b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoN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iM4s_A2MXJjLBsgQ3NZ1lJvMX09h3MVNnQ"><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#EB4B27;text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=131 height=40 style='width:1.3645in;height:.4166in' id="_x0000_i1028" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IzGP!,w_262,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Fimg%2Femail%2Fgeneric-app-button%402x.png" alt="Get the app"></span></a><a href="https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9zdWJzdGFjay5jb20vc2lnbnVwP3V0bV9zb3VyY2U9c3Vic3RhY2smdXRtX21lZGl1bT1lbWFpbCZ1dG1fY29udGVudD1mb290ZXImdXRtX2NhbXBhaWduPWF1dG9maWxsZWQtZm9vdGVyJmZyZWVTaWdudXBFbWFpbD1qb2huLnJ1ZHlAYWx1bS5taXQuZWR1JnI9NWw0MjhtIiwicCI6MTcwMTEwODM0LCJzIjoyODYzMTY3LCJmIjp0cnVlLCJ1IjozMzc3OTIzNDIsImlhdCI6MTc1NDQwOTg1NywiZXhwIjoyMDY5OTg1ODU3LCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMCIsInN1YiI6ImxpbmstcmVkaXJlY3QifQ.VHWkZTyyUOnhxl6rVRAxJRLuk0ichQFoWg1zCigV58Q?"><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#EB4B27;text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=135 height=40 style='width:1.4062in;height:.4166in' id="_x0000_i1027" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LkrL!,w_270,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Fimg%2Femail%2Fpublish-button%402x.png" alt="Start writing"></span></a><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#777777'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></td><td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'></td></tr></table><p class=MsoNormal><img border=0 width=1 height=1 style='width:.0104in;height:.0104in' id="_x0000_i1026" src="https://eotrx.substackcdn.com/open?token=eyJtIjoiPDIwMjUwODA1MTYwMTM3LjMuNzc4OGRmZjdjMjJkZDQzNkBtZy1kMC5zdWJzdGFjay5jb20-IiwidSI6MzM3NzkyMzQyLCJyIjoiam9obi5ydWR5QGFsdW0ubWl0LmVkdSIsImQiOiJtZy1kMC5zdWJzdGFjay5jb20iLCJwIjoxNzAxMTA4MzQsInQiOiJuZXdzbGV0dGVyIiwiYSI6ImV2ZXJ5b25lIiwicyI6Mjg2MzE2NywiYyI6InBvc3QiLCJmIjp0cnVlLCJwb3NpdGlvbiI6ImJvdHRvbSIsImlhdCI6MTc1NDQwOTg1OCwiZXhwIjoxNzU3MDAxODU4LCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMCIsInN1YiI6ImVvIn0.HsfdCCNFRl7vyIkWvnMWaE6CTtPlRopd2WztXUkAi_g"><img border=0 width=1 height=1 style='width:.0104in;height:.0104in' id="_x0000_i1025" src="https://email.mg-d0.substack.com/o/eJw8kE2u4yAQBk8TdmPxZ8ALzmKBu-0wMRBBk5FvP8pL9Lb1SaXStwXCo7bLP2snBt6osM_A0As7a80XZyTDHNK5HliwBUJYA_2us-OOs7tfFquNnpWxEu2iFr3MGJ2VbhdiRxVZ8pLLmTs-C8OFspOarHUO9t1uUgJoZW6a5-MP8KmP2Clsj2mrmaW-7g1_Ejy1gewduoYBCcuGHl_Yrlq-OIEXlgvBndIfQtcTfcF__UQibOw54rrVnEdJdK1YQjwRvuIRz7QFSrW8RdIZJYxlzf-t9zK1AddN83COPOVEE8JgfUSoOaTiYzronsojI6TA6PPm6NjeJqWsXaTSkr28_B8AAP__5X15Yw"><o:p></o:p></p></div></body></html>